age of uncertainty 🍶

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Benito Mussolini

First leader in Europe that was Fascist. Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Joesph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

Weimar Republic

The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. These introduced programs for public works to build bridges, roads, post offices, and airports, which also provided jobs for people. They launched the Social Security act, providing pensions, welfare and unemployment insurance, which while they did improve unemployment rates, they didn't fully come back until the end of the second world war.

Reichstag Fire

February, 1933; the Reichstag was set on Fire by a secret order of Joesef Goebbels; called a communist plot; Hitler convinced president Hindenburg to suspend all civil rights for Communists, socialists, liberals, and trade unionists

Enabling Act

enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament, allowed him to pass any laws he thought were necessary to keep peace in germany.

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism, and a heavy leaning militarism.

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Surrealism

A more important art movement that focused on reality beyond the material sensible world, and this reality was found in the world of the unconscious mind, through the depictions of fantasies, dreams or nightmares, using logic to portray the illogical. A combination of Freud and Dadism, with a hint of realism, calls on Freud's idea of the unconscious id.

Salvador Dali

A Spanish surrealist artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. He was a man who lived the surrealist movement, he believed in doing true surrealist things, and he attempted to enshrine the meaningless of life after the war, by using te power of dreams, the unconscious, and fantasies, following the psychology of Freud.

General Changes during Post WW1 years (1920s)

-New ideas and way of life

-Women gained voting rights

-Clothing and hairstyles changed to fit the new more liberal social structure

-Challenged Victorian Era values

-Technological advancements from the war killed millions of people

-loss of faith and hope

-people wondered what the future will hold

-will the peace last (it will not!!)

What makes this period known as the age of uncertainty?

The question of whether or not their peace was a temporary one. The feeling of alienation, isolation, and anxiety swelled over the people, knowing what the new world and new technologies were capable of scared people, but the times also made it something that they couldn't talk about, but rather they expressed it through art, like Dali did.

Issues with the Weimar Republic

No proper political leaders. Economic difficulties, like runaway hyperinflation, great depression, and revolutions.

General Causes of Great Depression

buying on credit; overproduction; less spending; foreign tarrifs; stockmarket crash.

General Causes of the Russian Revolution

Why/how were fascists able to come to power in the 1920s and 1930s

Characteristics of totalitarianism

Characteristics of Fascism

Aims of Hitler's 25 points

How did Hitler solidify his power in Germany

Explain how Hitler maintained control of Nazi Germany

Dadaism

Attempted to place the purposelessness of life on a pedestal. Dadaists tried to express the meaningless of life by making "anti-art", art that breaks the idea of what art should be. Some dadaists took pieces of wire, newspapers, nails or washers to use them in their art. Dadaism described the great rebellion of art movements.

Dawes Plan

Named after the American banker who worked on an international commission, reduced the reparations expected from Germany and stabilized Germany's payment on the basis of it's ability to pay. It also granted Germany a loan of $100M for recovery and this opened doors for American investments

Treaty of Locarno

Made by foreign ministers of Germany and France. Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium, Poland was still absent from agreement. Pact was viewed as the beginning of a new era of European Peace.

March Revolution

Occurred in 1917, a series of strikes broke out in the capital city, Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg). Here women had began to protest when the government introduced bread rationing in the capital. Many of these women who were standing in these lines for hours had factory jobs that required them to put in 12 hour shifts. The chants of "Peace and Breads" echoed through the streets, and many other worked went on to strike as well, until the royal family sent law enforcement and the army to stop them, many of whom ended up joining in. This lead to the removal of the royal family and the establishment of a provisional government

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Provisional Government

Temporary government led by Alexander Kerensky, that was later overthrown, but they were really bad at handling things.

War Communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Nazi

a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. Proposed new ideas about the mind, like id (primal instinct), ego (more civilized and rational instincts), and superego (the idea of a devil and angel upon ones shoulders). HE believed in and talked about the power of dreams and the unconscious, challenging logic and reasoning.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. Brought on new ideas, like atoms, energy, space, and time. He challenged ideas of Sir Issac Newton, shaking foundation of science that was built off of Newtonian Physics, giving science too a period of uncertainty.

Fredrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who urged a return to values of pride, assertiveness, and strength, and who had a great impact on politics in Italy and Germany. He had a critical understanding of democracy, reason and religion, influencing the Nazis and other fascist movement. BElieved in the idea of Ubermensh, or a "Superman", like the idea of social Darwinism, where if one man is better than the others he has the right to control them.