Communication Exam #3

Who is Habermas?

theorist

What are the qualities of an image?

1. synthetic

2. believable

3. passive

4. vivid and concrete

5. simplified

6. ambiguous

Public sphere

the arena in which society continually produces itself by managing the symbolic resources of knowledge and power that set the conditions for the community. (discursive space

How did the public sphere develop according to Habermas?

developed from the bourgeois public sphere from revolutionary France.

What is needed for the public sphere to function smoothly? (Habermas

1. It must be accessible to all citizens

2. There must be access to information.

3. The means to transmit information must be accessible to those who can be influenced by it.

4. There must be institutional guarantees for a public sphere to exist

Why is the public sphere important? (4 points made)

1. the guarantee of freedom
   of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions
   — about matters of general interest

What are the flaws with Habermas’ ideal of the public sphere?

excludes people who don’t follow hegemonic power (not influenced by it).

Public

formed by people coming together to discuss common concerns, including concerns about who they are and what they should do.

What is the difference between strong and weak publics?

strong publics encompass both opinion formation and decision making, while weak ones are only opinion forming.

What is a counterpublic?

parallel discursive arenas where members of subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourse to formulate oppositional interpretations of their identities, interests and needs.

What is the difference between a counterpublic sphere and a public sphere?

a counterpublic is a public sphere, even though it is not perceived as the public sphere.

What is a cyberpublic?

a public online (e.g social media)

Public screen

the constant circulation of symbolic action enabled by the relatively new media technologies of television, computers, photography, film, internet, and smart phones.

Who was Isocrates?

a minor philosopher and sophist

What are the four view of rhetoric?

1. Constitutive view (Gorgias)

2. Moral/Philosophical View (plato)

3. Scientific/philisophical view (aristotle)

4. Practical/Educational view (Isocrates)

What are the three basic elements of rhetorical skill? (Isocrates)

1. Rhetoric cannot teach arete

2. rhetors who want to be effective will project the morals/ethics of an audience

3. those who do will practice morals regularly and make them a habit.

arete

virtue; what we fufill

Phronesis

Practical wisdom

Kairos

Fitness of the occasion

What is rhetoric’s connection to ethics or morality?

cannot teach ehtics or morals but enhance it.

What do all rhetors enact when engaging in rhetoric?

a persona

What are the five facets of a persona?

1. character

2. Image

3. identity

4. authority

5. role

What is mystification?

When the rhetor distances themselves form the audience to give themselves more authority over them.

Identity

the physical and or behavioral attributes that make a person recognizable as a member of a group.

What is strategic essentialism?

the process of making an identity ingredient the core part of one’s persona, which legitimizes the right to speak.

What is social power?

1. coercive power

2. reward power

3. expert power

4. legitimate power

5. referent power

What are the five types of social power?

1. coercive power

2. reward power

3. legitimate power

4. expert power

5. referent power

Enclaved Publics

publics that conceal their anti establishment ideas and strategies in order to avoid sanctions, but internally produce lively debate and planning.

Networked public screen

captures how image events, iconic and every day, are produced and circulated in a networked mediascape

Networked publics

interconnected publics and counter publics formed or strengthened as a result of the communication practices enabled by the internet and social media.

Oscillating publics

publics that exist to engage in debate with outsiders and to test ideas.

Strong publics

publics whose discourse encompasses both opinion formation and decision making.

What are weak publics?

publics whose deliberative practice consists exclusively of opinion formation and does not also encompass decision-making

What is ethos?

the character of a rhetor performed in the rhetorical act and known by the audience because of prior interactions.

Image

a verbal and visual representation, emphasizing particular qualities and characteristics, that creates a perception of the rhetor in the audience’s minds.

Intersectionality

the nature of identity as multiplicative rather than additive

What is performance?

all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants.

Persona

the ethos, roles, identity, and image a rhetor constructs and performs (or that others construct for a rhetor to perfrom) during a rhetorical act.

Polysemous

the multiple meanings of a single text.

Polyvalence

multitude of valuations (understandings)

What is postmodernism?

the theory that places into question singular explanations, meta narratives, categories, and the certainty of supposedly objective interpretations of the world.