ATP and Cell Respiration

Potential vs Kinetic energy

potential energy Is stores while kinetic is while in motion

What Is ATP

adenosine triphosphate, powers all forms of ell work

what is ATP made of

adenine, ribose, a triphosphate tail of three phosphate groups

How is energy like money

• atp is one dollar bill (good for spending)

• glucose is like a 20 (good to have, can be broken up easily)

• starch/glycogen/fat is like a 100 dollar bill (good for long term savings)

How does hydrolisis of ATP work

it releases energy by transferring the third phosphate from Atp to another molecule this is called phosphorylation

What does most cellular work rely on

atp to energize molecules by phosphorylating them

Bonds require energy to break, but energy is alsoo released when bonds are formed

energy is therefore released when water molecule parts are ADDED to the ends of adp and phtphate pieces

how does hydrolisis of ATP generated energy

when water molecules are ADDED to ends of ADP and photphate pieces

What are the 3 kinds of work ATP drives

chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work

How many times per day does a molecule of atp get regenerated

500-700 times a day

What part of ATP cycle is endergonic vs exergonic

energy released in an exergonic reaction, then used up, and is used in an endergonic reaction to generate ATP from ADP

Where is sugar broken down in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondria of the cells

What is the difference between cell respiration and breathing respiration

we breathe oxygen and send it to individual cells to react with sugar and release energy, which is captured as ATP

what kind of process is cell respiration?

exergonic (energy releasing)

What does cell respiration do chemically

converts the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules to chemical potential energy that is useful to cells

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce?

38 ATP per glucose molecule

how much of the energy stored in glucose becomes ATP

35%, the other 65 is lost to heat

How is energy connected to electrons

energy can be released from glucose by burning it. Electrons “fall” and the energy is dissapated as haet and light and is not available to living organisms.

What is a REDOX reaction

the movement of electrons from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction.

What is the loss of electrons called (getting more positive)

oxidation

what is the addition of electron called (more negative)

reduction

How is cell respiration a REDOX reaction?

glucose loses its hydrogen atoms and becomes oxidized to co2, and oxygen gains hydrogen atoms and becomes reduced to h2o

What are the 3 stages of cell respiration?

• glycolisis

• pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

• oxidative phosphorylation

What are the electron carriers?

NAD+ and FAD

What do electron carriers do?

Transfer high energy electrons harvested from glucose during glycolisis and the Krebs stages to the electron transport chain

what is the high energy form (carrying electrons) of the electron carriers

NADH, FADH2

Where does glycolisis occur

cytosol

Steps of glycolisis

1) single molecule of glucose is cut in half, producing 2 molecules oy pyruvate

2) two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH

What is the net gain and loss of glycolisis?

There is a net gain of 2 electrons, because it looked 2 while cutting glucose in half

is oxygen required during glycolisis?

no

What causes substrate-level phosphorylation

• glycolisis produced ATP using substrate-level phosphorylation.

• Creating ATP when an enzyme transfers a P group from a substrate molecule to ADP and ATP is formed.

What is the structure of the mitochondria

Outer membrane, Inner membrane, cristae (folds of the inner membrane), and the Matrix (fluid filled area inside inner membrane)

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

matrix

where is the ETC

inner membrane

What does pyrvate oxidation do?

prepares pyruvatee for the citric acid cycle

where does pyruvate oxidation take place

matrix

what happens to pyruvate during PO

pyruvate undergoes chemical changes to become acetyl -coA, which then neters the citric acid cycle

What are the products of pyruvate oxidaton?

1 co2, NAd is reduced to NADH

What does the Krebs cycle do?

completes the oxidation of organic molecules making Co2

What does the Krebs cycle generate?

3 NADG, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

how many pyruvatee per glucose

2

What products do we have now after glycolisis and the Krebs cycle

4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 fadh2

What is the electron transport chain

electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electron to a string of electron carrier molecules which moves electrons embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

What are the steps of the ETC

1) electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electron to a string of electron carrier molecules which moves electrons embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

2) electrons jump from molecule to molecule doing a mini REDOX each time

3) electrons travel down O2, the final electron acceptor because its the most electronegative

4) oxygen packs up H+ which forms water

What is the energy released during the ETC used for

it pumps hydrogen ions (H+) from low to high concentration into the intermembrane space

Why do we as humans need oxygen?

to accept the electrons in the ETC

What is chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the process by which ions move across a selectively permeable biological membrane down their electrochemical gradient.

How do H+ ions flow

high to low concentration

what helps H+ ions float

ATP synthase protein

When is the most ATP Produced

Oxidative Phosphorylation (26-28 ATP)

What are the 2 kinds of fermentation

Lactic acid and Alcoholic

What steps of cell respiration does Fermentation take

Glycolisis

What does Fermentation do?

strips electrons from NADH to make NAD+ which allows glycolisis to continue

What happens during lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate is reduced to lactate

What happens after lactate is made from pyruvate

Lactate is carried by the blood to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate and oxidized in the mitochondria of liver cells

How does lactic acid connect to muscle soreness

h+ ions are released during LA fermentation,w hitch lowers the PH and makes the muscle more acidic, which interferes with pain receptors

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

Yeast oxidize NADH back to NAD and convert Pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

How does glycolisis connect to early life

Glycolisis is the universal energy harvesting process of life