models and Processes of Communication

sharing information

information is key to progress in any society: Communication plays an important role in information dissemination related to any form of human activity, such as social, political, economic, educational and developmental.

education and Training

Communication results in sharing information, which in turn makes people knowledgeable and thus productive members of the society

Socialization

For the well being of the society, nation and culture it is crucial that we are exposed to different view points so that we understand and appreciate the need for plurality of ideas and diversity of views.

entertainment

to break the monotony of human, we need to be exposed to art, literature, music, films, drama, sports and others modes of entertainment

Motivation

a motivation plays a useful and active role in a society. Communication motivates and persuades individuals to meet the mutual agreed upon.

Persuasion

yet another important function of communication is to persuade. This may be to influence us towards a new idea, technique and also to persuade us to buy these products.

Preservation of Culture

Communication helps to preserve the culture and heritage of a nation and society.

what are the types of communication?

Group Commuication

interpersonal Communication

The word 'intra' denotes 'within'. When we communicate within ourselves, it is intrapersonal communication

Interpersonal Communication

when two persons communicate with each other, the communication is intrapersonal. Our everyday exchanges, formal or informal, which may take place anywhere come under this type of communication.

Group Communication

when people communicate in group situation. This is an extension of interpersonal communication where more than two individuals are involved in the process of communication.

Mass Communication

hese electronic devices are known as mass

media such as print, radio, television, the Internet, etc. The audience is 'mass' i.e. it has

a heterogeneous profile, are unknown to each other and located in widespread locations.

Lasswell Model

This verbal model focussed attention on the essential elements of communication and identified the areas of communication research. 'Who' raises the question of identification of the source of the message. 'Says what ' is the subject of analysis of the message.

Shannon and Weaver Model (1949)

The message may consist of spoken or written word. The transmitter converts the message into a signal suitable for the channel to be used. The channel is the medium that transmits the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. The receiver performs the inverse operation of the transmitter by reconstructing the message from the signal.

Charles Osgood’s Model

This model was found more applicable in interpersonal communication in which the source and receiver were physically present.

Schramm Model

This model was found more applicable in interpersonal communication in which the source and receiver were physically present.

Source

the ___ has to decide how communicate a message, which channel, which channel is to be selected for the message and what type of strategies should be planned so that the message makes the desired response.

message

is a set of signs and symbols which are given by the __ to create meaning for the receiver. Ch

Channel

Cis the medium used to communicate a message from the sender to receiver.

Receiver

Communication cannot take place without a __ for whom the message is meant.

Noise

is a distortion in a message which affects the flow of communication

Feedback

the response by the receiver to the message of the sender is known as __

Psychological Barriers

Due to individual differences, attitudes, interest and motivation

levels, we perceive things and situations differently. Apart from this, the varied

levels of anxiety, inherent prejudices and previous experiences also create barriers in

communication

Socio-cultural barriers

Some societies are less vocal which may affect their level of communication with those

from other cultures who are more vocal or aggressive in behaviour

Linguistic Barriers

During the process of communication, faulty expressions, poor

translation, verbosity, ambiguous words and inappropriate vocabulary create barriers.

Technical Barriers

When audio quality is poor or video signals are weakm the message may not clearlyreach from the traget person.

Barriers due to information loa

At times too much information is imparted which

we may not able to comprehend and assimilate, thus creating a barrier in communication.

ASSIMILATION

when co-culture members try to assimilate and become members of the dominant

culture by dressing similarly and engaging in conversations about subjects or topics

that the latter are interested in; however, in their desire to join with the dominant

culture, they give up their own [cultural] ways.

Accomodation

When co-culture members try to keep their own cultural identity while they struggle to

have good relationships with the members of the dominant culture by doing what the

latter does and the same time observing their own practices

Separation

when co-culture members opt not to communicate and engage with members of the dominant culture

AGGRESSIVE or CONFRONTATIONAL COMMUNICATION

When co-culture members become extremely expressive and self-promoting to control

the choices and practices of the dominant culture

ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION

When co-culture members seek to establish a shared cultural identity with the

dominant culture.

Passive Communication

When co-culture members employ avoidance strategies and prefer to have very little to

do with the dominant culture.

High-Context (Asian) vs Low-Context (Western)

cultures with high-context communication systems are too polite and indirect when relating to others whereas those with low-context systems employ a more direct strategy.

Individualistic

emphasize individual goals and achievement while collectivistic cultures nurture group members by making sure everybody succeeds.

Globalization

increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures—the worldwide integration of humanity

DIVERSITY

Recognition and valuing of differences, encompassing such factors as age,

gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, sexual

orientation, and income

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Helped erased the notion of territorial boundaries between countries

Multiculturist

Persons respectful of and engaged with people from distinctly different

cultures

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one’s culture is superior

Cultural Relativism

Acceptance of other cultural groups as equal

Interracial communication

interactants different from the races

Interethnic communication

communicating parties have different ethic origins

international Communication

persons representing different political structures

Intracultural communication

members of the same racial, ethic, or other co-cultures.

Race

Associated with biology [inherited] and linked with physical

characteristics, e.g. skin color, hair texture, height, eyes etc

ETHNICITY

Linked with cultural expressions and identification; acquired or

self-ascribe based on various factors, e.g. where the person

lives or culture he shares with others

The Greatest Generation (1900-1945

respecting authority, following rules, being loyal to

organizations, respecting timelines

The Greatest Generation (1900-1945)

questioning authority, displaying a “can do” attitude, focusing

on how to get their way

Generation X (1965-1982)

seeking a work-life balance, being loyal to people and not

organizations

Generation Y: The Millennials/Digital Natives (1983-1995)

exceedingly high expectations, proficient multitaskers

iGeneration: Generation Z (born after 1995)

conscientious, somewhat anxious, predisposed to “play it safe”

CO-CULTURES

Members of the same general culture who differ in some ethnic

or sociological way from the parent culture.