A&P Test 1 (Ch 1-2)

Atomic radiation

Energy released by unstable isotopes/radioactive isotopes

NaCl

1. Na lose one one electron (cation) and give to Cl (anion)

2. Na+ and Cl- attracts

3. Ionic compound NaCl (sodium chloride

Covalent bond examples

H2, O2, H20

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Same element atoms share electrons equally

Polar bonds

Electrons not shared equally bc of electronegativity, forming molecules with a slightly positive and slightly negative end

Hydrogen bonds

Positive H end of polar molecule attracts to negative N/O end of another polar molecule

Electrolytes

Release ions in water; NaCl → Na(+) + Cl(-)

Acids

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions; HCl → H(+) + Cl(-)

Bases

Electrolytes that release ions and combine w/hydrogen ions; NaOH → Na(+) + OH(-)

Salts

Electrolyte formed by reaction btw acid and base; HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

Organic molecules

Contain C, H, dissolve in water/organic coumpounds, non-electrolytes; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Inorganic molecules

Don’t contain C, H, dissolve in water and forms electrolytes; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts

Water

Most abundant inorganic molecule, 2/3 weight of human, medium for most metabolic reactions (intracellular and extracellular fluids), regulate body temperature

Oxygen

Inorganic element, organelles use to release energy from nutrients/food to drive cell’s metabolic activities; 1/5 of air

Carbon dioxide

Inorganic, waste product released during metabolic reactions

Inorganic salts

Abundant in body fluids; sources of necessary ions; help control H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes

Carbohydrates

Main source of cellular energy; supply materials to build cell structure; contain C,H,O (C6H12O6 = glucose)

Monosaccharides

Single sugars: glucose, fructose

Disaccharides

Double sugars: sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides

Complex carbs: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Lipids

Soluable in organic substance; component of cell membrane; tryglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Triglycerides

Most abundant lipid; used for cellular energy; more energy per gram than carbs; contain C,H,O; 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group, main component of cell membrane

Saturated fat

Only a single carbon-carbon bond, solid at room temperature, most are of animal origin

Unsaturated fat

One or more carbon-carbon double bond, liquid at room temperature, most are of plant origin

Steroids

4 connected rings of carbon, widely distributed in body, synthesize adrenal and sex hormones, cholestrol is main steroid in body

Protein structure

Amino acid building block contains an amino (-NH2) group, a carboxyl (COOP) group, and a unique R (side chain) group

Functions of protein

structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies

What are amino acids bonded by

Peptide bonds

Primary

Amino acid sequence

Secondary

Pleated/twisted structure formed by H bonding between nonadjacent amino acids

Tertiary

Unique 3D shape (conformation) that determines function

Quaternary

2 or more polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein, can be reversible/irreversible

What is denaturation

Change in secondary, tertiary structure, caused by heat

What causes denaturation

Heat, radiation, pH changes, chemical

What does denaturation do

Stops function in enzymes

Nucleic acid structure

5-carbon sugar (S) , phosphate group (P), organic base (B)

DNA

Double chain of nucleotide that carry genetic code; deoxyribose sugar

RNA

Single chain of nucleotides that aid in protein synthesis; ribose sugar

Carbon atoms tend to form

covalent bonds

What does a radioactive element do

undergoes nuclear disintegration

Gamma radiation

Most penetrating and damaging to living things

Glycogen

Animal polysaccharides that consist of branched chains of sugar units and stores energy

Most chemical reactions are reversible in nature

True

The presence of electrolytes in the body is more important than the amount

True

Organic compounds must all contain the carbon atom

True

The fundamental unit of polysaccharide is glucose

True

Inorganic molecules usually contain fewer atoms than organic molecules

True

Ultrasound

High frequency sound waves that shoe soft internal structures

Magnetic Resonance

Magnetic field changes alignment of atoms, showing high-resolution images of internal structures; requires injection of dye

Computerized Tomography

X-Ray emitting device that makes 3D images of soft tissues; differentiates tissues with different densities/tumors

PET

Radioactive isotopes that emit positions (unusual postively charged electrons) to detect biochemical activity

Requirements of organisms

Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Important for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure

Keeps blood flowing

Visceral peritoneum

Covers abdominal organs

Parietal peritoneum

Lines abdominopelvic cavity

Visceral pericardium

Covers heart

Parietal pericardium

Lines the space of the heart

Visceral pleura

Covers lungs

Parietal pleura

Lines chest wall where the lungs are

Orbital

Eye socket

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Cervical

Neck

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Cephalic

Head

Costal

Ribs

Inguinal

Groin

Coxal

Hip

Patellar

Knee

Crural

Leg

Pedal

Feet

Occipital

Lower back of the head

Acromial

Shoulder

Dorsum

Back

Cubital

Back of elbow

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Between hips

Perineal

Between buttocks

Sural

Calf

Plantar

Sole

Calcaneal

Heel

Frontal

Forehead

Umbilical/Navel

Belly button

Tarsal

Ankle

Bilateral

Paired; on both sides

Proximal

Close to point of attachment to trunk

Distal

Farther away from point of attachment to trunk

Cross section

A cut across the structure

Oblique section

Angular cut

What do cell membrane mechanisms do

Determine entry of substances and responds to signal

What do energy processes do

Keep cells active

Characteristics of life

Growth, responsiveness, respiration, reproduction, movement, metabolism, digestion, circulation, assimilation, excretion

Respiration

Making energy