Arthrology

arthrology

study of joints

structural classification of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

fibrous tissue with no joint cavity

cartilaginous joints

articulating bones are united by cartilage and no joint cavity is present

synovial

articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints (vertebral bodies and pubic bones)

diarthroses

freely movable joints (most appendicular joints)

types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

sutures

contain dense fibrous connective tissue until adulthood when they ossify (synostoses). skull bones (plates)

syndesmoses

bones connected by a filamentous sheet or cord (ligament or interosseous membrane), longer than sutures, tibiofibular joint and radioulnar joint

gomphoses

articulation of tooth to socket, fibrous connection called periodontal ligament

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses, symphyses

synchondroses

bones united by hyaline cartilage, cartilage is replaced by bone and becomes synarthrotic, examples: epiphesyal plate and costal cartilage of the first rib, manubrium of the sternum

Sympheses

articular surface of bone covered by hyaline cartilage fused to a pad or plate, amphiarthrotic, ex. pubic sympheses and intervertebral discs

synovial joint characteristics

diarthrotic, articular cartilage w hyaline coat, joint cavity, synovial fluid that leaks out of cartilage, articular capsule (contains fibrous capsule outside and synovial membrane inside), reinforcing ligaments around the joint

bursae

flattened sacs with a synovial membrane and fluid, found where ligaments tendons and muscle overlap w bone

menisci of the knee

synovial joints with pads of fibrocartilage at the end of bones

gliding joint motion

bones displaced in relation to one another (intercarpal and intervertebral joints)

angular joint motion

changing the angle between two joints

types of angular joint motion

flexion (decreasing angle), extension (increasing angle), adbuction (moving away), aduction (moving towards), circumduction (draw around in a circle), rotation (turning movement of a bone around its axis)

supination

turning backwards

pronation

turning forwards

inversion

moving foot medially

eversion

moving foot laterally

protraction

moving mandible forward

retraction

moving protracted part backward

elevation

lifting a body part superiorly

depression

moving elevated part inferiorly

opposition

touching the thumb to the tips of your fingers

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

plane joints

flat articular surface, allow for short gliding movements (intercarpal and intertarsal)

hinge joints

the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone (elbow)

pivot joints

rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone of ligament (radius to ulna and axis to atlas

condyloid joints

Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another (metacarpophalanges - knuckles)

saddle joints

each articular surface has a concave and convex area (carpometacarpal joint of thumb)

ball and socket joints

spherical end of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of another (hip and shoulder joints)