Unit 7 AP Euro

Positivism

A philosophical theory developed by Auguste Comte that emphasizes the use of scientific principles to study society.

Auguste Comte

French philosopher who founded positivism and sociology, and proposed the 'Law of Three Stages'.

The Law of Three Stages

Comte's theory that society evolves through theological, metaphysical, and positive stages.

Biblical Criticism

A field of study that analyzes the text of the Bible through historical and literary methods.

David Friedrich Strauss

A German theologist known for his work 'The Life of Jesus' and for challenging traditional biblical interpretations.

Natural Selection

Darwin's concept that organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Quantum Theory

A scientific theory introduced by Max Planck that energy is emitted in discrete units called quanta.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosopher who challenged traditional morality and declared 'God is dead' to signify the collapse of religious authority.

Thus Spoke Zarathustra

A philosophical novel by Nietzsche that discusses the concept of the Übermensch and critiques modern values.

Sigmund Freud

The father of psychoanalysis known for his theories on the unconscious mind and human behavior.

Jung's Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung's concept that there is a part of the unconscious mind that is shared among all humans.

Max Weber

Sociologist known for linking Protestantism to the development of capitalism and discussing the rationalization of society.

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Weber's work that argues Calvinist values contributed to the rise of capitalism.

Realism in Art

An art movement that sought to depict everyday life and ordinary people realistically.

Impressionism

An art movement characterized by a focus on capturing light and movement in a scene.

Gustave Courbet

A French painter known for founding the Realism movement and depicting everyday laborers.

Vincent van Gogh

Dutch post-impressionist painter noted for his emotive use of color and expressive brushwork.

Pablo Picasso

A Spanish painter and sculptor who co-founded the Cubist movement.

New Imperialism

A period of colonial expansion by European powers, particularly after the 1870s.

Social Darwinism

The misapplication of Darwin's theory of evolution to justify social policies and racial hierarchies.

Count Arthur de Gobineau

A French aristocrat known for promoting racial theories and Aryan superiority.

Congo Free State

A large area in Central Africa governed by King Leopold II of Belgium, known for brutal exploitation and atrocities.

Herero and Nama Genocide

The extermination of the Herero and Nama peoples by German colonial forces in Namibia.

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

A meeting of major European powers to regulate colonial competition in Africa.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China over opium trade, leading to significant territorial concessions for Britain.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company's rule in India.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway in Egypt opening the trade route between Europe and Asia, completed in 1869.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreigner uprising in China in 1900 opposing foreign influence in the country.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Panama Canal

An artificial waterway completed in 1914 that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Economic Motives for Imperialism

The pursuit of new markets and resources as driving forces behind colonial expansion.

Cultural Imperialism

The imposition of a foreign culture over local cultures through education, religion, and values.

Cash-Crop Economies

Agricultural systems focused primarily on the production of crops for export rather than for local consumption.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to independence movements.

Racial Hierarchies

Social stratification based on perceived racial differences, often used to justify imperial conquests.

Colonial Education Systems

Educational frameworks established by colonial powers that aimed to impose Western values and knowledge.

Mughal Empire

A prominent empire in India that was overthrown during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Extraterritorial Rights

Legal rights allowing foreigners to live under the laws of their home country, bypassing local laws.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement starting in the late 18th century.

Technological Progress

Advances in technology that drive economic and social change.

Liberalism

A political and economic ideology advocating for individual freedoms, civil rights, and a free market.

Socialism

An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership of the means of production.

Secularization

The process of removing religious influences from public life and institutions.

Historical Context

The background information relevant to understanding the events and ideas of a specific time period.

Crisis of Religious Authority

The challenge to traditional religious beliefs and institutions prompted by modern scientific perspectives.

Dominion Status

A semi-autonomous polity that is part of the British Empire, exercising self-governance.

Feminist Modernism

A movement that explores gender and its social implications during the modernist period.

Stream-of-Consciousness

A narrative mode that attempts to capture the flow of thoughts and feelings of characters.

Modernist Experimentation

Innovative approaches in art and literature that break away from traditional forms.

Herd Mentality

The tendency for individuals to conform to the behavior of the group.

Übermensch

Nietzsche's concept of a superior individual who creates new values and transcends traditional morality.

Empirical Study

Research based on observed and measured phenomena, emphasizing evidence over theory.

Ethnic Conflict

Disputes and tensions between different ethnic groups, often arising from competition for resources or power.

Cash Crop

Crops produced primarily for sale and trade rather than for personal consumption.

Technocracy

Government or control by technical experts, especially in the fields of science and technology.

Liberal Theology

An interpretation of religious beliefs that embraces modern philosophy and scientific evidence.

Radical Ideologies

Political movements advocating for fundamental changes to societal structures.

Intellectual Uncertainty

Doubt and instability in knowledge and beliefs, especially significant during modernism.

Colonial Labor Exploitation

The unfair treatment and overworking of native populations in colonies to extract resources.