Chapter 7: Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, and Fermentation (The Release of Chemical Energy in Cells)

Name the 3 stages of aerobic respiration.

1. glycolysis

2. Krebs cycle

3. Electron transport chain

Name the 2 stages of anaerobic respiration.

1. glycolysis

2. fermentation

Aerobic Respiration

• is an e____ process that t____ e____ from g____ to form A__

• 1 glucose molecule → up to __ ATP molecules

• approximately ___% of energy (originally stored in glucose) is lost as ____

exergonic, transfers energies, glucose, ATP

36

34, heat

The 3 Stages of Aerobic Respiration

1. Glycolysis

• occurs in the c____

• is the first stage of both a____ and a____ respiration

• g____ is b___ d____ to give ___ molecules of p____, a __-c____ compound, n____ ___ A___ molecules (from s____-l____ p____, in which a p____ g____ is t____ from an o____ molecule to A___), and ___ N____ molecules (from the r____ of __ N____ ions)

2. Formation of Acetyl CoA & the Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle /

• occurs in the m____ m____

• Acetyl CoA: P___ is o____ to give a____ C____, ___ c____ d____, and N_____

• Krebs Cycle: ___ c____ from a____ C____ are a____, ___ c____ d____ molecules are r____, and __ N____ and __ F____ are p_____

• C___ d___ n____ e____ the Krebs Cycle; it is r____ to be r____ to form more acetyl CoA

3. Production of ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation

• oxidative phosphorylation = the p____ where A____ is f____ as a r____ from the t____ of e____ from N____ and F____ to o____ by a s____ of e____ c____, involving an E___ and c____; it r____ an a____ s____ of o____

• chemiosmosis = the p____ in which e____ from a p____ g____ is u____ to m____ A____ (the H___ ion c____ g____ d____ the ions b____ into the i____ m____ m____ through the e____ c____——A___ s____, which s____ A____ in the process)

• e____ r____ during the E___ p____ ___ ions into the i____ s____

• ___ ions r____ back to the m____ m____ via A___ s____, s____ approximately ___ A___ molecules

• o___ is r____ to form w____

cytoplasm
aerobic, anaerobic
glucose, broken down, 2, pyruvate, 3-carbon, net 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation, phosphate group, transferred, organic, ADP), 2 NADH (reduction, 2 NAD+)

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate, oxidized, acetyl CoA, 2 carbon dioxide, NADH

2 carbons, acetyl CoA, added, 2 carbon dioxide, 2 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, produced

CoA does not enter, returned, reused

process, ATP, formed, result, transfer, electrons, NADH, FADH₂, oxygen, series, electron carriers, ETC, chemiosmosis; requires, adequate supply, oxygen

process, electrons, proton gradient, used, make ATP (H+, concentration gradient drives, back, inner mitochondrial membrane, enzyme complex, ATP synthase, synthesizes ATP)

energy released, ETC pumps H+, intermembrane space

H+, return, mitochondrial matrix, ATP synthase, synthesizing, 32 ATP

oxygen, reduced, water

Name the 2 types of fermentation.

1. lactic acid

2. alcohol

The Process of Anaerobic Respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Fermentation
   Lactic acid

• p____ is r____ to l____

• __ N____ is o____ to form __ N___ ions for g____ to take place again (so that some ATP can still be generated)
  
  Alcohol

• p____ is b___ d____ into c____ d____ and e____

• __ N____ is r____ for glycolysis

pyruvate, reduced, lactate
2 NADH, oxidized, 2 NAD+, glycolysis

pyruvate, broken down, carbon dioxide, ethanol
2 NAD+, regenerated

How Carbohydrates, Fats (triglycerides), and Proteins are Used as Fuel for Aerobic Respiration

1. Carbohydrates

• b____ d____ by e____ into s____, which are f____ b____ d____ into g____

• undergoes g____

2. Fats

• b____ d____ by e____ into g____ and f____ a____

• g____ undergoes g____

• f___ a____ are used for a____ C___ f____

3. Proteins

• b____ d____ by e____ into a____ a____

• a____ g____ is c____ into a____ (removed during excretion)

• c____ g____ undergoes a____ C___ f____

• __ g____ either undergoes g____ or a____ C___ f____, depending on its complexity

broken down, enzymes, sugars, further broken down, glucose
glycolysis

broken down, enzymes, glycerol, fatty acids
glycerol, glycolysis
fatty acids. acetyl CoA formation

broken down, enzymes, amino acids
amino group, converted, ammonia
carbon groups, acetyl CoA formation

R group, glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation