Kines 262 Lecture exam 2

Muscle Fibers

Elongated cells capable of contraction

Skeletal Muscle tissues

Moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton

Cardiac muscle tissues

pushes blood through the arteries and veins of the circulatory system

Smooth muscle tissues

pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract

Muscle tissue excitability

ability to respond to stimulation

Skeletal muscle excitability

respons to stimulation by the nervous system

Cardiac and smooth muscle excitablity

respond to stiumuli from the nervous system and hormones

Muscle Tissue Contractibility

Ability to shorten actively and expert a pull of tension that can be harnessed by connective tissues

Muscle Tissue Extensibility

ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

Muscle tissue Elasticity

ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length

Muscle tissue 4 basic properties

Excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity

Functions of Skeletal muscle

Produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, suport soft tissues, regulate entering and exiting of material, maintain body temperature

Epimysium

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle

Perimysium

divides the muscle into internal compartments containing fascicles

Fascicle

a bundle of muscle fibers bound by the perimysium

Endomysium

delicate network of reticular fibers that surround each muscle fiber

Endomysium function

binds muscle fibers to its neighbor and supports capillaries

Satellite Cells of the muscle

repair damaged muscle tissue lie between the endomysium and muscle fibers

Aponeuroses

Tendons that form thick flattened sheets

Tendons

The combination of the connective tissues of the endomysium and perimysium and epimysium that connect muscle to bone or skin or muscle

Myfibrils

muscle cell

Sarcolemma

cell membrane

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae that store calcium needed for muscle contraction

Mitochondria and Glycogen granules

Create energy for the cell. LOTS OF THESE

Mtochondrial Biogenesis

Process by which new mitochondria are formed

Actin Filaments

Thin Filaments with a twisted strand of actin

Myosin filaments

Thick filaments

Myosin heads

Cross -bridges connect thin and thick filaments during contraction

Sarcomeres

Repeating units of thick and thin filaments, smallest functioning unit of the cell

Z line

Delinate the ends of the sarcomere, a mesh work by actin proteins

M line

Thick filaments in the center of the sarcomere

H-zone

Myosin Filaments

A Band

M line, Hband, and overlap of thick and thin

I Band

between A band and Z line, only actin

Zone of overlap

thin and thick

Sarcopenia

age related oss of muscle mass and function

Creatine

Naturally produced in the human body from amino acids

Creatine Phosphate

aneraobically donates a phosphate to ADP to form ATP

Acetylcholinesteraes AChe

breaks down ACh

Rigor Morti

after death the muscles run out of ATP and SR can not remove ATP causing an on going contraction

Axial musculature function

moves head, vertebral column, moves the rib cage for breathing

Seventh cranial nerve

innervate the muscles of the face

Extra-ocular muscles (6)

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral, rectus, inferior oblique (lateral and up), superior oblique (lateral and down)

glossus

moves the tongue

temporomandibular joint

articulation between the condylle of the mandible and squamous part of the temporal bone

motions of the jaw

rotation and translation

Tmj syndrome

pain/dysfunction of the muscles of mastication and the temporo-mandibular

Bruxism

unconsicous clenching or grinding of teeth causes tmj

mal alignment of occlusal surfaces

causes TMJ

Pharyngeal muscles

initiation of swallong and intervated by the 9th and 10th cranial nerves

Anterior muscles of the neck

control the position of the larynx, depress the mandible, tense the floor of the mouth, and provide a stable foundation for muscles of the tongue and pharynx

Sterno-Cleido-mastoidius

Scalenes

Superficial layer of the vertebral column

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Intermediate layer of the vertebral column

erector spinae iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Deep layer of the vertebral column

short muscles produce short movements

spinal flexors

not many because gravity tends to flex the spine and body weight

lower back pain

dorsalgia or lumbago

oblique muscles

compress underlying structures or rotate the vertebral column

rectus muscles

important flexors act in opposition to the erector spinae

Scalene muscles

cervical region

intercostal and transversus muscles of the

thoracic region

external intercostal muscles

superficial layer and aid in inhalation

internal intercostal muscles

depp and aid in forced experiation

Abdomen

external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles

rectus abdominis muscle

begins at the xiphoid process and ends near the pubic symphysis

linea alba

divides the rectus abdominis muscle logitudinally

tendinous inscrptions

bands of fiborus tissue dividing the rectus abdominis into 4 repeated segments

Diaphragm

any muscle sheet that forms a wall, major muscle of respirtation, contraction is inspiration, relaxation is expiration

Hiatal hernia

top of stomach protrudes through the diaphargm

Muscles of the pelvic floor

suport the organs of the pelvic cavity, flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx, and control the movement of materials

Keagle exercises

contract the muscles of the pelvic floor

Appendicular musculature

muscles that are responsible for stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles and for moving the upper and lower limbs

2 groups of appendicular muscles

pectoral girdle and upper limbs, and pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle

trapexius, rhomboid, levator scapulae, subclabius, pectoralis minor

muscles that move the arm

deltoid, sits, pectoralis major muscle, latissimus dorsi

rotator cuff tears

tear of pulling away of the tendinous insertions away from the greater tubercle

muscles that move the forearm

triceps brachii (lateral and medial head), biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis

medial epicondylitis

little league elbow, acute or choronic inflimmation

lateral epicondylitis

Tennis elbow

Muscles that move the thigh

gluetus maximus, medius, minimus, tenser fasciae latae, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, pectineus, gracilis muscle, psoas major muscle, and illiacus muscle

I.T. band syndrome

leading cause of lateral knee pain, band rubs over lateral femoral epicondyle

Muscles that move the leg

quadriceps ( vastus lateralis, medius, intermdius and rectus femoris) Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus)

Osgood Schlatter disease

jumpers knees, irritation of the patellar tendon at tibial tuberosity

Muscles that move the foot and toes

gastrocnemius, soleus, fibularis (2), tibialis posterior and anterior, extensor and flexor digitorum longus, and extensor hallicus longus and brevis

Anterior or flexor compartment of the upper limb

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis

Posterior or extensor compartment of the upper limb

triceps brachii

Compartment syndrome

insufficient supply to the muscles and nerves do to an increase in pressure

Hormone function

alter the metabolic activities from many different tissues and organs simulstaneously

Endocrine cells

release hormones into the interstitial fluids

Exocrine cells

secrete onto an epithelial surface

Hypothalamus

secretes regulatory hormones via autonomic centers

Hypophyseal portal system

vessels in the brain that connect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

controls reactions to stress

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CRH in the HPA axis

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH in the HPA Axis

Glucocorticoid hormones

in the HPA Axis

Posterior lobe hormones

Antidiuretic hormone ADH and Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

ADH in the posterior lobe, and it decrsease the amount of water lost at the kidneys