Personal Development ⚫ defined as a process in which persons reflect upon themselves, understand who they are, accept what they discover about themselves, and learn (or unlearn) new sets of values, attitudes, behavior, and thinking skills to reach their fullest potential as human beings. Personality psychologists have different viewpoints. One definition state, "personality refers to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual™ Two key components of personality ⚫ uniqueness relatively enduring Personality is influenced by both nature and Nurture It is always a complex combination of genes, environmental exposure and experiences, and cultural backgrounds. There are common personality traits that cross many cultures. Nature: Our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality traits and abilities are in our "nature." Nurture: Our environment. upbringing, and life experiences determine our behavior. We are "nurtured" to behave in certain ways. Psychologists Costa and McRae (1992) they discovered the existence of five universal and widely agreed upon dimensions of personality. This dimension is called the Five- Factor Model. For it to be easily remembered, it uses the acronym OCEAN Openness - measures the extent to which an individual is imaginative and creative, as opposed to down-to-earth and conventional.

Sensing (S)

The preference for gathering information through the senses and describing what one sees or experiences.

Intuition (N)

The preference for gathering information through intuition and dealing with ideas.

Thinking (T)

The preference for making decisions based on facts and objective data.

Feeling (F)

The preference for making decisions based on considering people and emotions.

Judging (J)

The preference for structure and firm decisions.

Perceiving (P)

The preference for openness, flexibility, and adaptability.

Conscientiousness

The measure of how careful, deliberate, self-disciplined, and organized an individual is.

Extraversion

The measure of how sociable, outgoing, and energetic an individual is.

Agreeableness

The measure of an individual's tendencies with respect to social harmony and getting along with others.

Neuroticism

The tendency toward anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and negative feelings.

Self-knowledge

The understanding of one's own identity, preferences, and values.

Self-concept

The way people think about themselves and how it shapes their decisions and relationships.

Self-image

How an individual sees themselves, including physical characteristics, personality traits, and social roles.

Self-esteem

How much an individual values themselves, influenced by comparison to others and how others respond to them.

Ideal self

How an individual wishes they could be, which may not match their self-image.

Congruence

The degree to which a person's self-concept matches up to reality.

Incongruence

The mismatch between an individual's ideal self and their actual experience.

Personal effectiveness

Making use of personal resources to achieve life goals and improve performance.

Talents

Innate characteristics that need to be identified and developed for use in a specific subject area.

Experience

Knowledge and skills acquired through cognitive and practical activities.

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