PT Board Exam Chiro Essentials pt 2

Place laserover clothes or under clothes?

Under clothing.

What order if using cold/heat therpay with cold laser

If using cold therapy, do this before laser . If doing heat, do the heat after laser since it is a cold.

When to use UV light

Treatment of skin conditions. Acne psoriasis.

What effect does cold quarter UV light have

Bactericidal effect

How can ultraviolet diagnose

Black light for fungal infection

What vitamin deficiencywould benefit from ultraviolet

Vitamin D, osteomalacia or rickets

Contraindications of UV liht

Lupus, photosensitivyt, malignancy

Set up for overheasd squat

Feet hsoulder width apart and facing forward arms at 90 and above head.

Observations of Overhead squat

Unable to reach parallel is psoas or quad issue. Valgus go in glute med/min issue. Feet externally rotate is piriformis. Falling backward/forward is core. Heels come up is ankle mobility

Wall angel setup

Heel buttocks, low back upper back had agaisnt the wall. Shoulders in 90 degree angle and flast against the wall

Observastions of Wall angel possibilities

Pain in shoulder during active phase is external rotators. No pain but unable to place on the wall is internal rotastors. Scapula not on thewall is scapula dysfunction. Low back not on the wall is psoas contracture

Step down set up

Standon affected leg on a flat surface or six inch box. Bend the affectedkneee and tap the opposite heel to the ground three times

Step down observations possible

Medial deviation of the afected knee is gluteus med/minute problem. Lateral knee pain throughout the down phase is IT band. Posterior lateral knee pain upon unlocked of affected knee is popliteus. Heel comes off the floor with no pain is ankle mobility. Heel comes off the floor with a relief of pain = achilles. Heel comes off the floor with an increase in pain = plantar fascitis.

Gait analysis phases

Heel strike, load response, mid stance, heel off, toe off

Swing phase gait analysis phases

Pre swing, mid swing , and terminal swing

Stance phase gait analysis steps detailed

Heel strike: eversion of calcaneus/Concentric contraction of anterior tibialis and eccentric contraction of quads/gluteus/hamstring,..... Load response: eversion of calcaneus, pronaiton of subtalar joint, eccentric contraction of anterior tibialis, eccentric of quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes. ..... Mid stance is inversion of the calcaneus, supintion of th esubtalar joint, eccentric of plantar flexors, and contraction of qudriceps. ..... Heel off is concentric of plantar flexors, initial 45 degrees of flexion of big toe.... Toe off is full toe dorsiflecion of 45 degrees. Concentric contraction of the plantar flexors, intiial conenctric contraction of hip flexors (psoas and rectus femoris).

Pre swing through terminal swing described

Concentric contraction ofthe psoas, rectus femoris, hamstrings, andanterior tibialis.

Mid swing described

Concentric contraction of the psoas, rectus femoris, hamstrings, and anterior tibialis

Terminal swing described

Concentric contraction of the quariceps, anterior tibialis, eccentric contraction of the hamstrings, to slow the extension of the knee

Parkinson's gait style

Propulsion, festinating shuffling and forward leaning/tremors.

Cerebral palsy

Knees will cross the midline with a scissoring type of gait

Muscular dystrophy gait

Waddling gait, usually seenin children but also in obese patients

Trendelenberg gait

Weakenss of gluteus medius causing a drastic pelvic tilt to the opposite side

Circumduction gait

Swinging the limb around instead of simply moving it forward. Seen usually in stroke patients. Mostly unilateral

Antalgic kind of gait

Patient will lean aay from the pain

What is weak and tight with uppercross syndrome

Tight: upper trapeius/pectoralis major. Weak is cervical flexors/rhomboids.

What are weak and tight with lower cross syndrome

Tight: hip fleors, low back musculature.... Weak is abdominals glutes.

Anterior tilted pelvis will be what posture type? more pressure on ___. Presents with ___ and what is tight?

Flexion of hip,extension of back or hyperlordotic.... More pressure on the facets. Presents with localized back pain. Psoas is hypertonic

posteiror tiled pelvis will cause _____, more pressure on ___, presents with ___, and what is hypertonic

Extension of the hip/flexion of the back/hypolordotc. More pressure on the discs. Presents with radicular symptoms,and hamstrings hypertonciity

Body's main fuel source

Adenosine triphosphate

What energy source is for short bursts of muscle power, how long

Phosphocreatine creatinine system. 8-10 seconds of use.

Glycogen lactic acid system converts what

Glycogen to glucose is glycolysis

What is the net profit of glycogen lactic acid system

2 ATP for each glucose, 4 ATP total

Is glycogen/lactic acid aerobic or aerobic

Anaerobic

What is cretine kinase

Enzme found in muscles and nerous system, catalyzes creatine and adenosine triphosphate into phosphocreatine and adenosine disphosphate

Describe gluconeogenesis

Metabolic pathway that generastes glucose from non carbojhydrate carbon substrates such as amino acids and lactate

Where is glycogen mostly stored

Muscle and liver

What is the glycolytic capacity

Maximum rate of conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lacateby a single cell

What provides structural components of the body

Amino acids from protein

What is neural adaptation

Change in neural activity in response to repeated or prolonged stimulatio

What is polyunsaturatred fat? Found where?

healthy fat that possesse two or more double bonds int he carbon chain. Often found in fish,oysters, nuts, seeds

What is catabolism

Sequence of reactions thast breaks down large complex molecules into smaller uch as glycolysis

What is substrate phosphorylation

Formation of ATP from ADP by transfer of phosphate group

What is pyruvcrae produced from, can be converted where

Output of anaerobic metabolism of glucose /glycolysis, pyruvate can be converted into carbohydates via gluconeogenesis

What is Pyruvic acid

Organic acid or ketone which supplies energy to living cells through krebs cycle when oxygen is prsent

Calculstion for Max heart rate general

220-age

How to find resting heart rate

taken upon waking up, usually done at least 3times and averaged

How to find heart rate reserve

Resting heart rate subtracted from max heart rate

Target heart rate

Heart rate reserve ultiplied by p% for patient fitness ability and then added back to the patient resting heart rate

Paitent is 20 years old, resting is 50. Wants to work out at 60% what is the Target heast rate

140.....= (220-20)= 200... (200-50) = 150.... (150.*0.6)= 90.... (90+50)= 140

Abbility to perform prollonged exercise at moderate to high levels

Aerobic cabacity

How are muscle fibers in heart different

Striated like skeletal but with shorter muscle fibers and often only has a single nucleus for each fiber

What is VO2

Amount of oxygen taken in and used by the body also referred to as the rate of oxygen use.

What time is excess post exercise oxygen consumption

EPOC, increased rate of oxygen intake after intense exercise. Used in restoring the body and adapting

What is cardiac output

Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

Maximum oxygen uptake

Highest amount of oxygen a body can consume during continuus intesne exercise. Also known as aerobic power

What is respiratory exhcange ratio

Rato between CO2 produced and O2 used byeond anaerobic theshold.

What is stroke volume

Amount of blood pumped from a single heartbeat

Ability of joints to move through their normal ranges of motion

Flexibility

Ability to quickly change to the body's position

Agility

Ability to maintain a steady posture

Balance

Ability to perform normal tasks accurately

Coordination

What is static stretching

Holding a certain poisiton for an amount of time until the stretch reflex relaxes and an increase in range of motion is acheived

Ballistic stretching

Utilizing a bouncing movement to stretch to the limits of a joint

Dynamic stretching.

Increasing the range of motion of a joint while activating the muscle surrounding that joint.

PNF STRETCHING

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation where muscle sare contracted isometrically while in a stretced state.

Fastest way to improve overall flexbility

PNF (proprioceptive-neuromuscular facilitation

How many reps can be done before fatigue

Endurance

Endurance lifting number of reps

15-20

Purpose of hypertrophy

INcrease muscle mass

Nuber of reps for hypertrophy

8-12

How much weight can be lifted overall

Strength

How many reps for strength class

5-6

How many reps for power

1-3

Amount of weight moved a certain distance within a certain time frame

Power

Contractile force is greater than resistive force

Concentric

Contractile force is less than resistive force

Eccentric

An action will be slowed down and controlled for an eccentric or concentric force

Eccentric

Isometric type of move

Contraction where the length of the muscle does not change

Isokinetic type of move

Contraction where the speed of the contraciton is controlled

Isotonic type of move

Free weights, body weights.

Military posture what is tight and weak

Tight is hip flexors and low back . Weak is abdominals and hamstrings.

Straight posture what is tight and what is weak

Tight is hamstrings and abdominals.Weak is hip flexors.

Sway posture what is tight and weak

Tight hamstrings and low back. Weak hip flexors/neck flexors/traps/glutes

Treatment plan time for sprain/strain

3-6 weeks for both

Muscle strain comes in, give the tx plan

Weeks 1-2 is stretching. Weeks 3-4 is continue stretchng and add in exercises. Week 5-6 is neuromusciular control. Acitivty specific exercises to return to ADL

Ligament sprain comes in , give the tx plan

Weeks 1-2 stabilizationexercises. Weeks 3-4 is stretchig along with stabiliation. Week 4 is neuromuscular with activity specifc exercises to return

What is microtrauma

Over use, repeated poor movement pattern done with no or little recovery

Stages of healing

inflammation, repair, and remodeling

Inflammation stage describe

Pain, swelling, redness. Increasd inflammatory cells and decreased collagen synthesis

Repair stage of healing

Colagen fiber production> Decreased collagen fiber organization and decreased inflammaotry cells

Remodeling stage of healing

Proper colagen fiber production and increased tissue strength

What is delayed onset muscule soreness experience

24-72 hours after

What are closed skills for neuromuscular education

Skill performed in controlled environment where the surroundings do not affect the movement pattern

What is Cognitive processing

Brain's ability to analyze, transfrom, store and recover information

dynamic neuromuscular rehab

Process or system tht is under constant change, activity or progress

Dynamic balance

Ability to maintain balance while in motion

Type 2 fibers are

Fast twitch

Interval training usually is anaerobic or aerobic

Usually anaerobic but can also be aerobic depending on the intensity

What are signs of overtraining

Decrease in performance,plateauing, mental health issues