Anatomy Lab Chapter 4

The study of tissues

Histology

Individual tissues consist of

cells and extracellular material

Organs of the body are formed by

two or more tissues

Stem cells are

unspecialized, or undifferentiated cells

What can stem cells do?

Divide to produce more stem cells, or differentiate to become specialized cells of the body

Developing embryos contain many

human embryonic stem cells

Human embryonic stem cells differentiate into

embryonic tissues

Adult stem cells can

repair old or damaged tissue or generate new cells

To treat neural injury, or burn patients you can use

Stem cells

How do stem cell therapy help patience with leukemia

stem cells used to generate white blood cells

Four primary tissue types of the human body

• epithelial tissue

• connective tissue

• muscular tissue

• nervous tissue

The most common stain for tissue is

hematoxylin and eosin stain

Hematoxylin stains the nucleus

purple

Eosin colors the cytoplasm

pink

Epithelial tissue is a highly

cellular tissue

what does cellular tissue mean

it is composed of mostly cells with little matrix (extracellular material)

Where is epithelial tissue located?

Skin on the outside, the lining of the digestive tract on the inside, or makes up glandular tissue (sweat glands or pancreas)

Epithelial tissue adheres to the underlying layers by way of a

basement membrane

Noncellular adhesive layer

basement membrane

What are the cell shapes of epithelial tissue

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What are the arrangement of cell layers?

Simple or Stratified

Where should you look when viewing epithelial tissue under the microscope?

The edge of the sample

One cell layer thick and located on the basement membrane

Simple epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

flat one cell layer

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the air sacs of lungs and blood vessels

endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium found on the surface layer of membranes

mesothelium

cube-like or wedge shaped cells that are mostly uniform

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Where is the simple cuboidal Epithelium located?

Major glands and glandular organs of the body, major tissue in kidneys

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines—-

tubules

Simple cuboidal epithelium involves secretion of

fluids (sweat, oil) or in reabsorption (kidneys)

Tall columns anchored at one end to the basement membrane

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Simple columnar Epithelium nuclei are frequently

in a row

Simple columnar epithelium can have micro structures on the surface called

Cilia or Microvilli

Cells with mirovilli line what area?

digestive tract- helps absorb food

For Simple columnar Epithelium that line the digestive tract, what do contain?

Mucus secreting goblet cells

what cells line the uterine tubes?

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

This tissue may first appear as if it occurs in a few layers, but all of the cells rest on the basement membrane

pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium nuclei are —-

at different levels in the tissue

Where do the pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium lie?

respiratory passages

What does pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium do?

Protects the lungs by trapping dust particles in a mucous sheet

What is it called with epithelial cells occur in layers on a basement membrane?

Stratified Epithelium

Tissue that covers the outermost layer of skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

Where does the stratified squamous epithelium cover?

Outer layer of skin, vaginal canal, and mouth

Why is skin stratified?

It protects areas from mechanical abrasion

Stratified squamous epithelium comes in what two types?

keratinized and nonkeratinized

Tough protein that hardens cells in the outer layer of the skin

Keratin

Epithelium that has stretching capabilities

Transitional epithelium

What does transitional epithelium line?

Ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra

Muscular tissue consist of mostly

cells and little matrrix

Cells that contract and shorten in length or increase in tension due to sliding of protein filaments

Muscular tissue

Three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Cells of skeletal muscle are called

fibers

Skeletal muscle is sometimes known as—-

striated muscle

Skeletal muscle is voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

The individual muscle cells have many nuclei and are thus called

multinucleate or syncytial

Cardiac muscle is only found in the

heart

Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in that it is

Striated, but the striation are much less obvious

Cardiac muscle cells are called

myocytes

Difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle is branched

Cardiac muscle is voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

Cardiac cells are mostly

uninucleate and nucleus is oval

Cardiac muscle cells are joined together by

intercalated disks

What do intercalated disks do?

facilitate the transmission of the electrical impulses in the heart

Intercalated disks have

gap junctions

Smooth muscle is striated or nonstriated?

nonstriated

Smooth muscle is voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

Where is the smooth muscle located?

Digestive tract and uterus

When the digestive tract propels food, it is called

peristalsis

Cells of smooth muscle are what shaped?

spindle shaped and uninucleate

When the smooth muscle is contracted, the nucleus appears

corkscrew shaped

Nerve tissue is mostly composed of

cells

Where is nervous tissue located?

brain, spinal cord, ganglia, and peripheral nerves

The conductive cell of this tissue is the

neuron

A neuron is a specialized cell with three major regions

Dendrites, nerve cell body (soma), and axon

Special support cells of the nervous system are called

glia or neuroglia

The glia cells do not conduct impulses but they

guide developing neurons to synapses and remove some neurotransmitters

Connective tissue contains a lot of

Matrix

Extracellular material is what

Matrix

Matrix consists of

fibers, fluid, gel, or solid ground substance

All connective tissues arise from an embryonic tissue known as

mesenchyme

Three categories of connective tissue

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

Two subdivisions of connective tissue proper

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue is a complex collection of

fibers and cells

Areolar connective tissue functions as

packing material or meshwork for organs

Connective tissue between dermis and muscle is what?

Areolar connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue consists of

Pink stained collagenous fibers, smaller dark elastic and reticular fibers, and a collection of cells

What are the other collection of cells of the areolar connective tissue?

Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, mast cells, and macrophages

Adipose tissue is unusual as a connective tissue because

it is highly cellular

Cells that make up adipose tissue are called

adipocytes

Adipocytes store what?

Lipids

In prepared slides of adipose tissue, what has typically been dissolved in the preparation process?

Fat

reticular connective tissue has what

Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and well as reticular fibers

What are the fibers of the reticular collective tissue made up of?

Collagen

Reticular connective tissue is found in soft internal organs such as

liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

If your slide is stained with a silver stain the reticular fibers will be

black

If your slide is stained with Masson stain, the reticular fibers will appear

blue

When you look at the Reticular connective tissue, what are the other cells?

They are the cells of the organ taht the reticular connective tissue holds together.

Dense Connective Tissue can be

collagenous or elastic

Dense connective tissue can be … where the fibers are mostly parallel to one another or … where the fibers are at various angles

regular or irregular

Dense connective tissue contains

Fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and fibers