Circulatory System

Heart

a muscular organ that pumps blood

Veins

transport blood from different parts of the body to the heart

capillaries

Circulate blood, nutrients, and oxygen to cells of different organs; connect arteries to veins

Arteries

transport blood from the heart to different part of the body

circulatory system

also called as Cardiovascular System

- transportation

- waste removal

- regulation of body temperature

- immune response

- homeostasis

- blood clotting

functions of circulatory

heart

serves as pump that establishes the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to tissues

blood

transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended

Blood vessel

passageways through which blood is distributed from heart to all parts of body and back to heart

Pericardium

Covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to the heart

- Visceral pericardium

- Parietal pericardium

2 types of pericardium

Visceral pericardium

innermost layer and directly on the heart

Parietal pericardium

layer on top of the visceral pericardium

Epicardium

outermost layer and fat to cushion the heart

Myocardium

middle layer and primarily cardiac muscle

Endocardium

innermost layer, thin and smooth and stretches as the heart pumps

two atria

- upper chambers

- left and right

- separated by interatrial septum

two ventricles

- lower chambers

- left and right

- separated by interventricular septum

Atrioventricular septum

separates the atria from the ventricles

tricuspid valve

prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

Bicuspid valve

prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

Pulmonary valve

prevents blood in the pulmonary artery from flowing back into the right ventricle

aortic valve

prevents blood in the left atrium from flowing back into the left ventricle

Arteries

carry oxygen-rich blood awayfromtheheart to the rest of the body

Arterioles

medium-sized arteries that further divide into capillaries

capillaries

are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body

venules

small vessels that collect blood from capillaries and merge to form veins

Veins

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

- Tunica Intima

- Tunica Media

- Tunica Adventitia

All blood vessels except capillaries have 3 basic Tunics or Coats concentrically arrange

Blood

a type of connective tissue

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

thrombocytes

platelets

plasma

fluid part of the blood

4 - 6 liters of blood

average-sized adult has

hematocrit

- the percentage of red blood cells

- normal is about 45%

1%

percentage of white cells and platelets

55%

percentage of plasma

Red blood cells

- Transport oxygen throughout the body

- Small biconcave-shaped cells

- Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs

Oxyhemoglobin

carries oxygen; bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin

does not carry oxygen; darker red

Carboxyhemoglobin

carries carbon dioxide

Anemia

low RBC count

Erythropoietin

regulates the production of RBCs

neutrophils (55%)

destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the

bloodstream

Eosinophils (3%)

get rid of parasitic infections such as worm

infections

Basophils (1%)

control inflammation and allergic reactions

Monocytes (8%)

destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood

Lymphocytes (33%

provide immunity for the body

- neutrophils

- eosinophils

- basophils

What are the granulocytes of the body?

- monocytes

- lymphocytes

what are the agranulocytes of the body

Platelets

- Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream

- Important in the clotting process of blood

around 2 um

what is the diameter of platelets

150,000 - 450,000 per microliter of blood

reference value of platelets

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of water

- albumins

- globulins

- fibrinogen

Proteins of plasma

Albumins

smallest plasm proteins and pull water in to help maintain blood pressure

Globulins

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Fibrinogen

needed for blood clotting

Nutrients

amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, lipids from the digestive tract

Gases

oxygen, carbon, dioxide, and nitrogen

- water

- proteins

- nutrients

- gases

- electrolytes

- waste products

blood components of plasma

Anemia

The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body's cells

Aneurysm

A ballooned, weakened arterial wall

Arrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms

Carditis

Inflammation of the heart

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves

myocarditis

Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium)

congestive heart failure

Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body's needs

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries

Hypertension

High blood pressure; consistent resting blood

pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg

Leukemia

Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs

Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply

Sickle cell anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries

Thalassemia

Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs

Thrombophlebitis

Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein

Varicose veins

Twisted, dilated veins