ANSC 415 Exam 1

Endoplasmic reticulum

The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of which organelle?

Produce and assemble the ribosomal RNA

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

A complex of DNA and protein

What is chromatin?

Packages ER-made materials into lysosomes or other secretory vesicles

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Synthesize, fold, and transport proteins

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Break down waste, foreign invaders, and old cell parts; secretion

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Mitochondria

Which one of the organelles is the site of the citric acid cycle?

Serves as a spindle pole and helps to organize microtubules during cell division

What is the function of the centrosome?

Network of protein fibers that has a role in cell shape and movement

What is the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubules

2. Intermediate filaments

3. Microfilaments

What are the three primary protein filament types that make up the cytoskeleton?

Plasma membrane

What cellular organelle forms the external covering of the cell?

Membrane potential

Differences in the concentrations of ions on opposite sides of a cellular membrane lead to a voltage called what?

3

How many distinct stages does the process of metabolic oxidation have?

Acetyl-CoA Production: Formation of acetyl-CoA from glucose, fatty acids, and some amino acids

What is the first stage of metabolic oxidation?

Krebs cycle

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized in which biochemical cycle?

Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

What is the third stage of metabolic oxidation?

Inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Where is the electron transfer chain located?

ATP

The proton flux that is the result of the proton gradient drives the synthesis of which molecule during oxidative phosphorylation?

1. One molecule of phosphoric acid (phosphate)

2. One molecule of deoxyribose (sugar)

3. One of the four bases

What are the three subunits of a nucleotide that make up a DNA molecule?

Spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes

What is the function of histone proteins?

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

What are the four stages of mitosis?

An imaginary line or plane located in the middle of a dividing cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase

What is a metaphase plate?

Sister chromatids

During mitotic anaphase, what are pulled in opposite directions towards one of the spindle poles?

The cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells

What is cytokinesis?

ACGGTA

The sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is TGCCAT. What would be the sequence of bases of its complementary strand within a DNA double helix?

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis (three types)?

mRNA

Which RNA carries the code for the synthesis of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

tRNA

Which molecule picks up an amino acid and carries it to the mRNA during translation?

Methionine

During translation, which amino acid is delivered by the first tRNA?

Meiosis

What is the name of the cell division by which gametes are formed?

Gastrula

At which developmental stage do the germ layers form?

1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

2. Connective tissue

3. Nervous tissue

4. Muscle tissue

What are the four basic tissues in the body?

Epithelium

What type of tissue covers the body surface and lines the body cavities?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What type of epithelium do we know according to the shape of the cells?

Simple, stratified

What type of epithelium do we know according to the number of cell layers?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the name of the epithelium that appears to consist of many layers but only has one layer?

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium covers the inside of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina?

Holocrine glands

What type of glands accumulates secretory products in their cells’ cytoplasm and then die and disintegrate?

Merocrine glands - secrete without any part of the cell being lost

What type of glands are the pancreas and salivary glands? (i.e., name the type that secrete without any part of the cell being lost.)

Serous membranes (serosa) and mucous membranes (mucosa)

What type of epithelial membranes do we know?

Connective tissue

What is the name of the tissues that produce intercellular substances (e.g., cartilage and bone), store fat, and produce various blood cells?

Areolar tissue

Name a loose connective tissue.

Tendons, ligaments, dermis of the skin

Name a dense connective tissue.

Cartilage, bone, blood, adipose, lymph

Name a special connective tissue.

Nerve cell process that conducts impulses toward the cell body

What is a dendrite?

Nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the cell body

What is an axon?

The axon and its myelin covering

Nerve fiber is another name for what?

No, a space exists between the neurons called the synaptic gap

Is there physical contact between two neurons in a synapse?

The nonneuronal cellular elements of the nervous system that provide support for the neurons; oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

What are glial cells?

Oligodendrocytes

The myelin sheaths of nerve fibers in the central nervous system are cytoplasmic extensions of what cells?

Provide support, facilitate transport of blood constituents from capillaries to neurons, release the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

What is the function of astrocytes?

Interruptions of the myelin sheath, where depolarization occurs

What is a Node of Ranvier?

1. Cerebrum

2. Cerebellum

3. Brain stem

What are the three major parts of the brain?

Controls balance for walking, standing, & other complex motor functions; involved in learning new skills, judging the size of objects, sensing of timing

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Brain stem

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are components of which major part of the brain?

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Epithalamus

What are the three components of the Interbrain (Diencephalon)?

Sensing and neurosecretory; integration of functions carried out by the autonomic nervous system

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A set of 12 paired nerves

How many cranial nerves are there?

Dorsal horns

Sensory neurons originate from which horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system

What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

1. Sympathetic nervous system

2. Parasympathetic nervous system

3. Enteric nervous system

What are the three subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Yes

Does parasympathetic stimulation increase intestinal muscle activity?

Yes

Does parasympathetic stimulation to the heart decrease its activity?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as the cholinergic system?

Enteric nervous system

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract?

Parasympathetic division

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) supplies autonomic fibers to visceral structures in the thorax and abdomen. Which division of the autonomics has fibers in this nerve?

Increase

Sympathetic stimulation to the bronchi (air passages) of the lungs would result in a decrease or increase of their diameter?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the adrenergic nervous system (postganglionic neuron secretes norepinephrine)?

Synapse

What is the name of the structure that allows a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or a target effector cell?

Excitatory neurotransmitters

What type of neurotransmitters causes an influx of sodium ions that depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, as a result of which the neuron will fire an action potential?

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

What type of neurotransmitters causes an influx of chloride ions that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, as a result of which the neuron will fire an action potential?

Dura mater

Which one is the outermost of the three meninges?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What is the name of the fluid that is in the subarachnoid space?

Allow the cerebrospinal fluid to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream

What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

Pia mater

What is the name of the innermost layer of the meninges?

Epidural space

The outer aspect of the dura mater is not fused with the vertebral canal, and this leads to the formation of a space. What is the name of this space?

Choroid Plexus

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A network of capillaries covered with ependymal cells

What does the Choroid Plexus consist of?

Ependymal cells

What cells produce the cerebrospinal fluid?

1. Nourishment

2. Waste removal

3. Protection

What are the three functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Carbohydrates (mainly glucose)

What is the principal energy source of the brain?

Blood-brain barrier

Drugs in the blood might have no effect on the brain. Why?

Capillaries of the CNS have tight junctions between their endothelial cells that limits the diffusion of substances from capillaries

What creates the blood-brain barrier?

A defense against pathogens and toxins that may be present in blood

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A signal that’s transmitted along a nerve fiber

What is a nerve impulse?

Depolarization that travels along the axon membrane as an action potential

A nerve impulse originates in response to a stimulus. The stimulus elicits a wave of what (that travels along the axon membrane)?

Unequal distribution of Na⁺ and K⁺ across the cell membrane

What causes the resting membrane potential?

Sodium-potassium ATPase pump

What maintains the resting membrane potential in the neuron?

Na⁺ enter through cation channels

How does a stimulus affect the permeability of the neuron for the sodium ion?

The membrane becomes more positive on the inside and negative on the outside

What is depolarization?

False

If a stimulus lowers the resting membrane potential of -80mV to -70mV and the threshold for an action potential is -65mV, the nerve fiber will fire. Is this statement true or false?

The temporary change in the electrical charge across the cell membrane

What is an action potential?

Voltage-gated potassium channels open and K⁺ flows outward (higher concentration inside the neuron than outside), the inside of the PM becomes negative again

How is repolarization of a nerve fiber accomplished?

Myelinated

Is the phenomenon of saltatory conduction associated with myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fibers?

Increases the permeability of the post-synaptic nerve fiber membrane to Na⁺

Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. How does it affect the permeability of a nerve fiber membrane for Na⁺?

Refractory period

What is the name of the period of time when a nerve fiber cannot be caused to fire?

1. Skeletal

2. Smooth

3. Cardiac

Name the three types of muscle.

Red fibers

Name the muscle fibers that contract more slowly and fatigue less readily.

Smooth muscle

What type of muscle has spindle-shaped cells and a centrally located nucleus?