World History: Chapter 0, The Muslim World

Muhammad

Founder/prophet of Islam

Quran

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by Allah to the prophet Muhammad

Hijra

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622

Abu Bakr

First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad (632-634)

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

Caliphate

Islamic state ruled by a supreme leader

Rightly Guided Caliphs

The first four rulers of the Islamic world (632-661) after the death of Muhammad {Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali}

Umar

second caliph after the death of Muhammad (634-644)

Uthman

third caliph after the death of Muhammad (644-656)

Ali

the fourth caliph after the death of Muhammad (656-661) [related to Muhammad: son-in-law]

Height of Islamic Empire

Spain to Indus River Valley

Reasons for early successful Islamic Conquests

1. Faithful warriors

2. Both men and women fight

3. Tolerance of other faiths

4. Paid foreigners to be loyal and contribute to the empire

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars

Ulama & Imams

prayer leaders, established Theological Doctrine of Islam

Sharia Law

religious legal system to maintain public affairs and social order

Official Language

Arabic

Shiites

Muslims that believe the caliph should be a member of Muhammad's family, 10% of Muslims, modern-day countries: Iran, Iraq, Yemen

Sunni

Muslims that believe the caliph should be elected from Muhammad's tribe, 90% of Muslims, modern-day countries: most Muslim countries

Sunni & Shia Split

the separation that divided Islam into two different branches

Mu'awiya

founder of the Umayyad Dynasty, supporters are Sunni, killed the fourth caliph Ali

Umayyad Empire

(661 - 750) first & largest Muslim dynasty, hereditary dynasty, moved caliphate to Damascus,

Allah

Arabic word for God

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahada (declaration of faith)

Salat (prayer)

Zakat (almsgiving)

Sawm (fasting)

Haji ( holy pilgrimage to Mecca)

Shahada

the declaration of faith, Muslims repeat the statement: "I testify that there is no god but the one god and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God" several times a day

Salat

Prayer 5 times a day

Zakat

the requirement that all Muslims must give 2.5% of their wealth to charity

Sawm

Fasting during the month of Ramadan

Haji

the Holy Pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are required to make in their lifetime if they are physically and financially able

Hadith

a piece of literature that has the prophetic model of behavior recorded

Kaaba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Mecca

the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace, city where the Kaaba is located

Umma

the overall well-being of the community

Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)Accomplishments

one currency, expands empire through conquests, built many Mosques (i.e. Dome of the Rock Mosque)

Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)

longest lasting dynasty, killed all of the Umayyads except one uncle, cultural height of Islamic civilization, caliphate = Baghdad, had banks, lots of trade

Items traded by the Abbasids

gold, salt, ivory, sandalwood, spices, grain, linens, dates, precious stones &textiles

Decline of Abbasid Dynasty

caliph killed by Mongols; Spain, North Africa, & Iran succeeded; amirs weakened, regionalism

Amirs

Islamic military commanders

regionalism

regional empires begin to form

Revival of Umayyad Empire (756-1031)

uncle who was not killed by the Abbasids founded the Spanish Umayyads, caliphate = Coroboda, traded with Europeans, peaceful/prosperous

Spanish Reconquista

The long process for Christian Spanish monarchs to drive out Muslims and Jews

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and sentencing those who were non-Christians or not true-converters

Ferdinand & Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Fatimids (969 - 1171)

Shi'ite dynasty, descended from Fatima, caliphate = Cairo, broke away from Abbasids, controlled Mediterranean Sea trade, modern-day Tunisia, Morocco, Sicily, Egypt

Seljuks (950-1092)

first major Turkish dynasty in Islam, Sunni, controlled the Holy Lands, kicked out the Byzantines, no caliph (had a political leader)

Mongols Ages (1255 - 1368)

attacked Abbasid empire, killed last Abbasid caliph, brutal, leader: Ghengis Khan, sacked Baghdad in 1258

Ghengis Khan

Mongol leader who defeated the Abbasid Dynasty and used brutal tactics

Age of Gunpowder Empires

1450-1650, use of cannons and muskets in conflict

Ottoman Empire

empire based out of Turkey, capital =Istanbul (renamed Constantinople)

Suleiman

Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law.

Sufism

dedication to worship, total dedication to Allah most high, disregard for the finery & ornament of the world (not materialistic), abstinence from the pleasure, wealth, & prestige sought by most men. & retiring from other to worship alone

Practices of Sufism

chanting (repetition), meditation, music & dance (whirling)

Universal Ideas of Sufism

love, acceptance, simplicity, humility

trade & sufism

2 Reasons why Islam spread to Northwest India

Ghazi (Afghanistan)

city in Afghanistan from which Islam spread to India

Sultinate

synonym for caliphate

Slave Delhi Sultinate

Muslim rule in Northwest India for 300 years

Urdu - Hindi

A language that combines Persian-Arabic and native Indian elements. Urdu is the Muslim version of the language. Hindi is the Hindu version.

Silkhism

hybrid religion of Islam and Hinduism, (one god, karma, reincarnation, monotheistic)