C's MCAT 8

lipid and amino acid metabolism, gas phase

duodenum

emulsification occurs in the ____

chylomicrons

digested lipids are packaged with other apoproteins and fat-soluble vitamins into ____, leave the intestine via lacteals; transport TAGs, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters

thoracic duct

long lymphatic vessel at the base of the neck where chylomicrons re-enter the blood stream

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

hormone activated by a fall in insulin levels that hydrolyzes TAGs to yield fatty acids and glycerols; activated also by epinephrine and cortisol

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

enzyme necessary for the metabolism of chylomicrons and VLDLs; releasing fatty acids

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that transports TAGs and fatty acids from liver to tissues

IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that is a VLDL remnant; picks up cholesteryl esters from HDL to become LDL; picked up by the liver

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol into cells

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol accumulating in blood vessels; delivers it to liver, transfers apolipoproteins to other lipoproteins

apolipoproteins

protein molecules responsible for the interaction of lipoproteins with cells and the transfer of lipid molecules between lipoproteins

cholesterol

molecule with 4 aromatic rings; provides both fluidity and stability to cell membranes and is the precursor for steroid hormones

do not

saturated fatty acids (do/do not) have double bonds

do

unsaturated fatty acids (do/do not) have double bonds

linoleic acid (+ a-linoleic acid)

important essential fatty acids in maintaining cell membrane fluidity

liver, adipose

fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the _____, subsequently transported to _____ tissue for storage

palmitic acid

primary end product of fatty acid synthesis

insulin, glucagon

____ inhibits beta-oxidation while ____ promotes it

acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FADH2

beta oxidation is repetition of 4 steps, each cycle releasing ____, ____, and ____

muscle, adipose

in ___ and ___ tissue, acetyl-CoA from beta oxidation enters the citric acid cycle

liver

in the _____, acetyl-CoA from beta oxidation stimulates gluconeogenesis by activating pyruvate carboxylase

propionyl-CoA

odd-numbered fatty acids produce ___ in addition to the 2-carbon acetyl-CoAs it produces

succinyl-CoA

propionyl-CoA is eventually converted into _____ and re-enters either the citric acid cycle or converted to malate and enter the gluconeogenic pathway

ketogenesis

the synthesis of ketone bodies from the metabolic products of beta-oxidation or amino acid metabolism; occurs under conditions of starvation

ketolysis

the breakdown of ketone bodies for use as acetyl-CoA

transamination (or deamination)

amino acids lose their amino group through this process; remaining carbon skeleton can be used for energy

self-disclosure

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

reciprocal liking

phenomenon whereby people like others better when the other person likes them

proximity

just being physically close to someone plays a factor in attraction to him or her

mere exposure (familiarity) effect

the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

aggression

behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance

amydala

part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments; can increase aggression when activated

cognitive neoassociation model

model that states we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain

attachment

an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy

secure attachment

when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to; comforted by their return, prefer them

avoidant attachment

when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; children will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver

ambivalent attachment

when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress; child cannot form a secure base, child will be distressed upon separation but mixed response when the caregiver returns; anxious

disorganized attachment

children who show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead show a mix of different behaviors; can be a red flag for abuse

hypothalamus

sensation of hunger is controlled by the ____

polygyny

male having exclusive relationships with multiple females

polyandry

female having exclusive relationships with multiple males

promiscuity

member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex, without exclusivity

mate bias

how choosy members of a species are while choosing a mate

direct benefits

benefits due to mating that are material advantages, protection, or emotional support; provide benefits to the mate

indirect benefits

benefits that promote better survival in offspring

fisherian (runaway) selection

positive feedback e=mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time; e.g. peacock feathers

indicator traits

traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates

genetic compatibility

creation of mate pair that, when combined, have complementary genetics; reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders

altruism

form of helping in which the individual’s intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self

empathy

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and it is thought by some social psychologists to be a strong influence on helping behavior

empathy-altruism hypothesis

theory that one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

game theory

model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game, including strategies, incentives, and punishments

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

when adopted by a population; natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising; strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population

primacy effect

the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

recency effect

idea that the most recent information we have about an individual is the most important in forming our impressions

implicit personality theory

theory that states there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related; can include stereotyping

halo effect

cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

just world hypothesis

theory that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished

self serving bias

the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failures on external factors

self-enhancement

focusing on the need to maintain self-worth; which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias

self-verification

people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, validating a person’s self-serving bias

in-group bias

inclination to view member’s in one’s group more favorably

out-group bias

inclination to view individuals outside one’s group harshly

attribution theory

how individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior; dispositional vs situational

dispositional attributions

attributions are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

situational attributions

attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure

consistency cues

the behavior of a person over time; the more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person

consensus cues

the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others; if a person deviates from socially expected behavior, we are likely to form a dispositional attribution about the person’s behavior

distinctiveness cues

the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; if the behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it

correspondent inference theory

when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attributions; may correlate these actions with the person’s personality

fundamental attribution error

we are generally biases toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others

attribute substitution

when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

stereotypes

the expectations, impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of a group

prejudice

the overall attitude and emotional response to a group

discrimination

differences in actions towards different groups

stereotype content model

model that classifies stereotypes with either warmth and competence

paternalistic

stereotypes in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored

contemptuous

stereotypes in which the group is views with resentment, annoyance, or anger

envious

stereotypes in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust

admiration

stereotypes in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

self-fulfilling prophecy

expectations of a certain group that then cause the expectations to become reality

stereotype threat

when a person is concerned or anxious about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group; can feed the self-fulfilling prophecy

ethnocentrism

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it come to language, customs, and religion

cultural relativism

recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

760

1 atm = ____ mmHG/torr

101.325

1 atm = ______ kPa

ideal gas

hypothetical gas with molecules that have no intermolecular force and occupy no volume

PV = nRT

ideal gas law equation

rho = PM/RT

equation for the relationship between density and the ideal gas law; given pressure, molar mass, R, and temperature

avogadro’s principle

principle that states that all gases at a constant temperature and pressure occupy volumes that are directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present

boyle’s law

for a given gaseous sample held at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the pressure

P1V1 = P2V2

boyle’s law equation

partial pressure

pressure exerted by each individual gas

PA = (moles of A/total moles of gas)*PT

equation relating partial pressure of gas A, moles of A, total moles of gas, and the total pressure of the system

vapor pressure

pressure exerted by evaporated particle above the surace of a liquid

increase

the solubility of a gas will (increase/decrease) with increasing partial pressure of the gas

effusion

when a gas moves through a small hole under pressure

slower

larger molecules difuse and effuse (faster/slower) than smaller ones

sinusoidal waves

waves in which individual particle oscillate bak and forth with a pattern that follows a sinusoidal pattern; can be transverse or longitudinal

transverse waves

waves in which the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation of the wave; e.g. string, electromagnetic waves

longitudinal waves

waves in which the particles of the wave oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation, oscillating in the direction of energy transfer