Intro to Psychology Review: Chapters 5 – 8

A collection of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key concepts from Chapters 5 through 8 of an introductory psychology course.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Reinforcer

Any stimulus that increases the probability of a preceding behavior occurring again.

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs by watching others and imitating their behavior.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when reinforcement is withheld.

Chunking

The process of organizing information into manageable units to improve memory retention.

Memory Recall

The process of accessing information stored in memory.

Long-Term Memory

A type of memory that has a seemingly unlimited capacity and duration.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs.

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid and detailed recollection of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory of skills and how to perform them.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem that guarantees a correct solution.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Duchenne Smile

A genuine smile that involves the muscles around the eyes and mouth.

Primary Drive

Innate biological urges that drive behavior, such as hunger and thirst.

Secondary Drive

Drives that are learned or conditioned, such as money or social approval.

Problem Solving Strategies

Techniques used to find solutions to specific problems, including means-end analysis and backwards working.