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Grammar, Parts of the Speech, Correct Usage, Sentence Construction, Modifiers Faulty Modifiers, Misplaced and dangling modifiers, Complements, Subjective, Objective , Adjective, Adverbs Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement, Types of sentences, Acc. To structure, Acc. To function

Parts of Speech

The categories of words based on their function in a sentence: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection

Noun

A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., teacher, city, apple, freedom)

Pronoun

A word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it, they)

Verb

A word that expresses action or a state of being (e.g., run, is, think)

Adjective

A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun (e.g., red, tall, quick)

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., quickly, very, well)

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word in the sentence (e.g., in, on, at, beside)

Conjunction

A word used to connect clauses or sentences (e.g., and, but, because, although)

Interjection

A word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation (e.g., wow!, oh!, ouch!)

Correct Usage

The proper way to use grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary to ensure clarity and correctness in writing

Common Usage Error

Mistakes such as using “their” instead of “there” or “it’s” instead of “its”

Subject-Verb Agreement

The subject and verb must match in number (e.g., "She runs" not "She run")

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent (e.g., "Everyone brought his or her book")

Modifiers

Words or phrases that provide description; must be placed correctly to avoid confusion

Double Negatives

Using two negative words together, which creates incorrect meaning (e.g., "I don’t need no help")

Misplaced Modifier

A descriptive word or phrase placed too far from the word it modifies, creating confusion

Dangling Modifier

A modifier with no clear subject to describe (e.g., "Walking to school, the rain started")

Sentence Construction

The way words and phrases are arranged to form clear and effective sentences

Simple Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause (e.g., "The dog barked.")

Compound Sentence

A sentence with two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., "She ran, and he followed.")

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "Because it rained, we stayed in.")

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

Run-on Sentence

Two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation or conjunction

Sentence Fragment

An incomplete sentence missing a subject or verb (e.g., "After the show.")

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement (e.g., "I like pizza.")

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question (e.g., "Do you like pizza?")

Imperative Sentence

A sentence that gives a command (e.g., "Close the door.")

Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence that expresses strong emotion (e.g., "What a surprise!")

Modifier

A word, phrase, or clause that adds description to a sentence by modifying another word

Adjective Modifier

An adjective that modifies a noun or pronoun (e.g., "blue" in "blue car")

Adverb Modifier

An adverb that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., "quickly" in "runs quickly")

Faulty Modifier

A modifier that is unclear, misplaced, or does not modify the correct word in a sentence

Misplaced Modifier

A modifier placed too far from the word it modifies, causing confusion (e.g., "She nearly drove her kids to school every day" means she almost drove, not that she regularly did)

Dangling Modifier

A modifier that lacks a clear subject in the sentence, leaving it "dangling" without something to modify (e.g., "Walking to school, the rain started")

Complement

A word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb or subject in a sentence

Subject Complement

A noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject (e.g., "She is a doctor" or "He feels tired")

Predicate Nominative

A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject (e.g., "He is a teacher")

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject (e.g., "The sky looks blue")

Object Complement

A noun or adjective that follows and modifies or renames the direct object (e.g., "They elected her president")

Verb Complement

An element that follows a verb and is required to complete the meaning of the sentence (e.g., "I consider him smart")

Subjective Pronoun

A pronoun that acts as the subject of a sentence (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

Objective Pronoun

A pronoun that functions as the object of a verb or preposition (e.g., me, you, him, her, it, us, them)

Adjective

A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun by providing information like size, color, number, or condition (e.g., "tall," "red," "two," "angry")

Types of Adjectives

Descriptive, Quantitative, Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative, Distributive

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and often answers how, when, where, or to what extent (e.g., "quickly," "yesterday," "outside," "very")

Adverbs of Manner

Describe how something happens (e.g., "gracefully," "loudly")

Adverbs of Time

Describe when something happens (e.g., "now," "soon," "later")

Adverbs of Place

Describe where something happens (e.g., "here," "there," "everywhere")

Adverbs of Frequency

Describe how often something happens (e.g., "always," "often," "rarely")

Adverbs of Degree

Describe the intensity or degree of an action or adjective (e.g., "too," "very," "almost")

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

The rule that a pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent (e.g., "Each student must bring his or her pencil.")

Singular Antecedent

Requires a singular pronoun (e.g., "The cat licked its paw.")

Plural Antecedent

Requires a plural pronoun (e.g., "The boys played their games.")

Compound Antecedents

Use a plural pronoun when joined by "and" (e.g., "Tom and Jerry lost their tickets.")

Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents

Some are always singular (e.g., "Everyone has his or her own room.") and some are plural (e.g., "Many have their doubts.")

Simple Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses (e.g., "She runs.")

Compound Sentence

A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g., "I came, and she left.")

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "Although it rained, we played.")

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence with at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "Although it rained, we played, and we had fun.")

Declarative Sentence

Makes a statement (e.g., "The sky is blue.")

Interrogative Sentence

Asks a question (e.g., "Is the sky blue?")

Imperative Sentence

Gives a command or request (e.g., "Please close the door.")

Exclamatory Sentence

Expresses strong emotion (e.g., "What a beautiful day!")

Grammar

The set of rules that govern how words are used to form sentences in a language