IAPP 1 Exam Review - Other

Brain, red blood cells

Structures dependent on glucose as the energy source

Beta oxidation

Transamination

removes the nitrogen from the amino acid

Glycolysis steps

Flagella

Sperm cells are only cells in body with __

Have a 9 + 2 arrangement

The motion is planar and wave-like

Propeller-like motion

Male infertility

Morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagellum can cause __

Cilia movement

back and forth beating, three-dimensional motion

Microvilli

3 Important Ketone Bodies

acetoacetate, acetone, beta-hydroxybutyrate

Ketosis

Ketoacidosis

Ketonuria

Albumin

Acetyl CoA

beta-hydroxybutyrate

the ketone body important to measure for ketoacidosis in uncontrolled diabetes

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Negative Nitrogen Balance

Excretes more nitrogen than ingested because the tissue proteins are breaking down

Individuals who are starving or suffering from prolonged wasting diseases are in a state of __

Positive Nitrogen Balance

State in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses

Excess is released as urea

Examples: in growing children, gym bros (that take tons of protein powder before and after workouts)

AST and ALT

transaminases

Oxidative deamination

The urea cycle

takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria

Introns

Cut from the pre-mRNA

Exons

Spliced together

Can be in different sequences, meaning one gene can code for multiple proteins

Start codon

AUG (methionine)

Stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA (don’t code for any amino acids)

GTP

Disulfide bridges (between cysteine residues)

Protect the protein from denaturation in an extracellular environment

Increase stability

Chaperones

Help the polypeptide fold into its correct structure (Hsp60 and Hsp70 families)

Heat shock proteins

Ubiquitin

Binds to one or more lysine residues in the targeted protein to be degraded by the proteasome complex to eliminate defective proteins

Mitosis

Meiosis

form gametes

Every 2 weeks

The epidermis of the skin is renewed approximately __

Every 2-3 days

The stomach lining is renewed every __

Interphase

The nondividing phase of the cell cycle is called __

Subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases

Mitosis steps

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Oncogenes

Genes that contribute to cancer

Proto-oncogenes

Code for proteins that control cell division and apoptosis

p53

Important tumor suppressor gene (transcription factor)

associates with DNA to prevent cancer from continuing to grow

22 homologous pairs

__ of autosomal chromosomes

1 pair (XX or XY)

__ of sex chromosomes

Crossing Over

Happens in prophase 1

Exchange of pieces of homologous chromosomes

Necrosis

-cell membrane ruptures as terminal event and cell contents are released

- Chemotactic factors lead to neutrophil infiltration to degrade dead cells

-inflammatory response

Apoptosis

-not destruction of the membrane

-cells will form blebs, little balls in membrane

-blebs form __ bodies containing nuclear fragments

-phagocytosis of intact __ bodies

-no chemotactic factors generated

Apoptotic cells

release “eat me" signals

Cyclins

proteins that control cell cycle progression by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle

Extracellular environment

fluid compartment with dissolved molecules, and a polysaccharides and protein matrix

collagen and elastin fibers

in the extracellular matrix, __ provide structural strength to the connective tissues

glycoproteins and proteoglycans

components of the extracellular matrix gel

MMPs

Enzymes that can break down extracellular matrix proteins (calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases)

Neutrophils release __

Clinical Application of MMPs in cancer

Allow tumor cells to migrate across the basement membrane and into blood and lymphatic vessels

Destroy tissue so cancer reaches the blood and lymphatic vessels

MMPs role in arthritis

the action of these enzymes may be associated with the destruction of cartilage in arthritis