India/Mexico Paper 2 Prep

Kashmir

Disputed territory between india and pakistan, gets special treatment from India in an attempt to honor diversity

Kerala

the state where communists won elections and were eventually forced out of power by Nehru

Zamindarai abolition

a agrarian reform limiting how much land someone could own/protecting tenant farmers

Community development program

a reform program dividing the country into blocs that were assigned helpers to teach the people there and assist in development. Partially successful

Panchayati raj

a system of local govt that was first implemented in the 50s but led to corruption. Reinstituted in the 90s, where seats were reserved for women and it went a lot better. Became one of the main ways women could gain political power

51 to 56

the time period in which the 5 year plan focusing in agriculture took place

56 to 61

the time period in which the industrialization focused five year plan took place, grew internal production

61 to 66

the time period in which the 5 year plan focusing on self sufficiency took place (ISI, public sector)

Green revolution

a 67 to 68 program where chemical fertilizers and GMO crops were introduced to increase Indian agricultural output

Bangladesh

the state that gained independence in 1971 whose refugees put a strain on the Indian economy

Anti price rise movement

a movement of women protesting against the rising costs of food and putting pressure on the Indira government

JP movement

student protests asking for democracy and anti corruption in the face of Indira’s nonsense that called for revolution and provoked Indira’s use of emergency rule

Janata coalition

the coalition government that got Indira out of power after emergency rule with large political differences, brought together by anti

Mandal commission

a project by the Janata coalition govt to study Dalits, other backwards classes, and how to improve their quality of life.

Akali dahl

the punjabi party representing Sikh interests

Bhindranwale

Sikh fundamentalist advocating independent Sikh state that staged protests and took over the Golden Temple in protest

Golden temple

a huge scandal where Bhindranwale (sikh fundamentalist) and his followers took over a Sikh holy site and trapped many inside. Indira was forced to free hostages, which turned into a huge scandal because people got killed

Operation blue star

The operation that Indira ordered to stop the Golden Temple hostage situation that became a huge scandal for her because people got killed. Indira was assassinated by a Sikh bodyguard in retaliation for this.

Rajiv Gandhi

Indira’s son that takes over for her when she dies

BJP

also janata party, a conservative political party that opposed congress

Hinduvata

Hindu nationalist movement that advocated for India to become a Hindu state

Shah Bano

A case where a muslim woman wanted to get divorced but muslim law gave her not enough alimony to survive. She said she should get her case seen under Indian law that would give her more alimony, won. Case created hindu/muslim tension

Ram temple

A religious conflict where Hindus wanted to build over a historic muslim mosque because they argued it was the site on which a Hindu religious figure, Ram, was born. Hindus tear down the mosque

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

President of Mexico during Tlatelolco and the Mexican Miracle. 1964 to 1970

José López Portillo

President of Mexico through the oil boom, but left office before the bust began. He was responsible for govt spending attempting to invest in oil that eventually backfired and left it in debt after the crash. 1976 to 1982.

Miguel de la Madrid

President of Mexico during Mexico city earthquake, covering up the damage it caused and refusing to provide aid. 1982 to 88.

Carlos Salinas

President of Mexico who stole the election from Cárdenas, made NAFTA, ended the ejido system, created PRONASOL and reinstituted church rights. His minimal reforms were the first step to the end of PRI dominance, which Zedillo would accomplish. 1988

Ernesto Zedillo

President of Mexico who served after Salinas. The former PRI candidate was assassinated, so he was the only choice. He was president through the peso collapse, made the IFE autonomous, and generally created significant reforms to election spending and regulation, as well as making it so the supreme court was not elected by the president but instead by the senate, that would turn Mexico from a one party system to a truer democracy. 1994

Vicente Fox

First non PRI president in mexico. Won due to Zedillo reforms

Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas

A PRD leader who won the 1988 presidential election, but it was then stolen from him by Salinas and the PRI establishment. Later won the mayorship of Mexico city in 1997. The leader of the first successful political run against PRI

Luis Donaldo Colosio

The PRI presidential candidate who was assassinated on the campaign trail, making it so Zedillo had to take over.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

The most important party in Mexico until the 2000s. They had total control over the government, making it into a one party system through corruption and rigging of elections. They were supposedly center

National Action Party (PAN)

Center right party focused on business and ending what they saw as a government favoring labor over business. Focused in the North of Mexico.

Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)

A Mexican political party made up of former PRI members before it split off in opposition to its anti democratic values. Cárdenas was a significant member of this party.

Corporatism

Govt control of unions and labor

El Dedazo

The method PRI used to choose who would be the new president. No primary elections, the current president just chose who he wanted and that person would, very often, become his successor.

Mexican Miracle

Post revolutionary growth of the Mexican economy, fueled by ISI. It was unexpected because Mexico had just gotten out of a huge revolutionary war.

Tlatelolco Massacre

The result of large scale student protests over police brutality, corruption, etc. The president wanted to stop these protests because the 1968 summer olympics was happening and he wanted to make Mexico look good on an international stage. At a gathering protesters were massacred by Mexican troops, which was then promptly covered up by the PRI government.

Agribusiness

Large scale farms, mainly located in the North. From the 40s

Import substitution industrialization (ISI)

Incentives meant to get Mexicans to buy Mexican products and grow the economy. Private businesses were able to get easy loans, tariffs on international goods made Mexican goods cheaper, and corporatism allowed the government to control business inside Mexico.

Neoliberalism

a political point of view used by Salinas in Mexico. Believed in free market capitalism, deregulation of business and cuts to government spending. Salinas’ neoliberal beliefs inspired NAFTA, PRONASOL and the end of the ejido system.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Basically an international bank that gives loans to struggling countries. They lent to Mexico several times, but their loans come with terms such as significant spending cuts on social programs.

COCEI (Coalition of Workers, Peasants, Students of the Isthmus)

A group formed by Zapotec native people to address the conditions of indigenous living in Oaxaca (south). Left/socialist leaning and ran for local elections and advocated community solutions. When they started winning elections they were ousted by PRI and Paxac

Victim’s Coordinating Council (CUD)

A citizens organizing group that helped provide disaster relief in the wake of the 1985 mexico city earthquake. For many it was their first experience organizing and was a rebirth of citizen activism in Mexico.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

An agreement between the US, Canada and Mexico that allowed for free trade between the countries. As a result, the Mexican economy grew and was able to further industrialize, though it promoted big business and left many everyday Mexicans without a way to support themselves as their farming couldn’t compete.

Maquiladoras

A factory located in Mexico that is often duty and tariff free and cheaper for US manufacturers to create their goods in because of the lack of regulations and lower wages. Companies use them to make products for cheap, boosting the Mexican economy but supplying citizens with low wage jobs.

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)

A terrorist organization, which didn’t really hurt anybody but used violence to threaten a govt. Published their manifesto on the same day NAFTA went into effect. The govt retaliated but couldn’t stop the movement. Govt was eventually forced to sign the San Andres Accords saying Native communities had the right to self determination but never really enforced it.

San Andres Accords

A document signed between EZLN and the PRI government giving more rights to indigenous populations, though it was never really enforced. An example of how PRI’s policy and actions differed greatly.

Federal Election Institute (IFE)

A mexican govt body that ensures free and fair elections. It was created by Salinas in 1990 as a result of outrage over the stolen 1988 election. It didn’t really do anything though until Zedillo made it an independent commission that PRI couldn’t mess with in 1996, which is when it really started working to ensure the quality of Mexican elections. It worked really well and for the first time candidates from other parties than PRI had a fighting chance.

Dirty war

a crackdown by the Mexican government during the 1960s and 70s on leftist movements.

Los Halcones

the paramilitary unit used during the dirty war to silence and kill protesters and leftists.

1977 reforms

a round of reforms in Mexico that allowed citizens to organize political parties, released political prisoners, and proportional representation in congress. The reforms were motivated by parties other than PRI basically giving up, which PRI felt looked bad and made them appear as a sham democracy, threatening their power.

Pemex

state oil company that managed the 1970s oil boom. A lot of money was spent improving oil infrastructure which then backfired during the 1980s oil crash.

PRONASOL

Basically a program that made it so states could go halfsies with the federal govt for improvements. This Salinas policy made it so a country that had to dramatically cut its wellfare spending thanks to the IMF could continue to provide for people. It was like a grassroots thing which encouraged community action.

Eijido

Communal ownership of land that allowed for local farmers to make food for themselves and their communities. This was ended by Salinas, who sold it off as part of his neoliberal economic reforms encouraging more free trade.