Apush Units 3-4

Mercantilism

An economic system where colonies provide raw materials to the mother country, profiting from that country's industry.

Navigation Acts

Laws dictating trade rules between Great Britain and its colonies.

Salutary Neglect

A policy where the British crown rarely enforced trade rules, allowing colonies more freedom by the end of the 1600s.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose beliefs in natural rights significantly influenced American revolutionaries.

Enlightenment

A philosophical and cultural movement that promoted reason and science over blind faith and religion.

French & Indian War

A colonial war between British colonies and New France, supported by Native American allies.

Albany Plan of Union

A proposal by Benjamin Franklin for an inter-colonial government and a system for troop recruitment and tax collection.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

An uprising of Native American allies after the French and Indian War, leading to the Proclamation of 1763.

Quartering Act of 1765

A British law requiring colonies to provide housing and provisions to British soldiers.

Stamp Act

A tax on printed materials, the first direct tax on American colonies by Britain.

Sons of Liberty

A secret organization led by Samuel Adams to oppose the Stamp Act and promote independence.

Townshend Acts

A series of acts imposing taxes on goods imported to the colonies, leading to protests and boycotts.

Boston Massacre

A confrontation where British soldiers killed five colonists, used as propaganda by revolutionaries.

Coercive Acts

Laws passed by British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, also known as Intolerable Acts.

Second Continental Congress

The assembly of colonial delegates that coordinated the American Revolution and drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for colonial independence from Great Britain.

Declaration of Independence

A document drafted by Thomas Jefferson outlining the colonies' grievances against King George III.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Agreement that ended the American Revolution and recognized the United States as an independent nation.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women had a key role in preserving civic virtue and morality in the new United States.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the US, which created a weak central government.

Northwest Ordinance

A law that organized the Northwest Territory for government and future statehood.

Three-fifths Compromise

A constitutional agreement counting each slave as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation purposes.

Federalist Papers

A series of essays advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A declaration by George Washington stating the U.S. would remain neutral in foreign conflicts.

Shays’ Rebellion

An uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting high taxes, highlighting weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

Benjamin Franklin

A key figure in the American Revolution known for his political and scientific contributions.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing individual rights.

Whiskey Rebellion

A revolt against the excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating federal authority under the Constitution.

Treaty of Greenville

Agreement that ended hostilities between the U.S. and Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory.

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

A proposal to stabilize the U.S. economy with a national bank, tariffs, and assumption of state debts.

Federalist Party

Political party led by Hamilton advocating for a strong central government and pro-British policies.

Democratic-Republicans

Political party led by Jefferson favoring states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Washington’s Farewell Address

A speech warning against foreign alliances and political parties.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Laws permitting deportation of dangerous foreigners and criminalizing criticism of the government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws.

Abigail Adams

First Lady and advocate for women's rights, known for her correspondence with John Adams.

Phillis Wheatley

First published African American female writer, known for her poetry and advocacy.

Barbary Pirates

Renegade North African states demanding payments for protection against ship attacks.

Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States.

Marbury v. Madison

The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of the Louisiana Territory to gather geographic and scientific information.

Embargo Act (1807)

A trade restriction enacted to maintain U.S. neutrality during European conflicts.

War Hawks

Congressmen advocating for war against Britain during the War of 1812.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain, fueled by trade disputes and impressment.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists opposing the War of 1812, leading to the party’s decline.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who sought to form a Native American confederacy against U.S. expansion.

Treaty of Ghent

The agreement that ended the War of 1812 and returned to the status quo.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the economy in the early 1800s due to increased production and transportation.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention that revolutionized cotton production and increased reliance on slavery.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts allowing for mass production of goods.

Robert Fulton

Inventor of the first commercially successful steamboat.

Lowell System

Factory system that enabled women to work in textiles, providing housing alongside employment.

Henry Clay’s American System

Economic plan that promoted protective tariffs and a national bank to promote industry.

Missouri Compromise

Legislation maintaining the balance of slave and free states in Congress.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy declaring U.S. opposition to European colonization in the Americas.

Erie Canal

Canal linking western farms to eastern markets, improving transportation and commerce.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

First commercial rail line connecting the East coast with the Midwest.

McCormick's Mechanical Reaper

Invention that significantly improved wheat harvesting efficiency for farmers.

Irish Potato Famine

Disaster leading to mass Irish immigration to the U.S. due to starvation.

German Revolution

Protests for political freedoms leading to German immigration to the U.S.

Universal white male suffrage

A movement to remove voting restrictions based on religion and property.

King Caucus

Old method of nominating presidential candidates replaced by conventions for broader participation.

Spoils System

Political practice of appointing loyal supporters to government positions.

Whig Party

Political party opposed to Andrew Jackson favoring economic modernization.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians resulting in thousands of deaths.

Jackson’s Bank veto

Andrew Jackson's rejection of the national bank, leading to economic instability.

Tariff of 1828

Protective tax that intensified regional tensions between North and South.

Nullification crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over states' rights.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement leading to social reforms, including abolition and women's rights.

King Cotton

Term indicating the economic dominance of cotton in the Southern U.S. economy.

John C. Calhoun

Prominent politician advocating for nullification and states' rights.

Cult of domesticity

Ideology promoting distinct gender roles, confining women to domestic responsibilities.

American Temperance Society

Organization opposing alcohol consumption and advocating for its prohibition.

Nat Turner’s rebellion

Significant slave uprising in Virginia leading to stricter laws on slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist advocating for immediate emancipation and founding The Liberator.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave and leading abolitionist, known for his writings and activism.

Oneida Community

Utopian society advocating communal living and free love in the 19th century.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention, initiating the suffrage movement.

Second Middle Passage

Internal slave trade transporting enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South.

Charles Ball

Former slave and war veteran who wrote his autobiography about slavery experiences.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer advocating for improved treatment of mental patients and inmates.

Horace Mann

Education reformer known for promoting public education and teacher training.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist writer advocating self-reliance and moral progress.