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Cell Parts/Organelles
Ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; Mitochondria; Nucleus
Call Parts/Organelles Function
process energy & excrete waste
Ribosomes
protein synthesis and give rough ER it's rough characteristics
Golgi apparatus
modifies & packages proteins
Mitochondria
convert energy
Nucleus
stores DNA
Cells
smallest unit of life
Organ
self-contained part of organism that performs a specific function
Organ Systems
functional groups of organs that work together within the body
Sagittal Plane
divides into left and right parts
Frontal Plane
divides into front and back parts
Transverse Plane
divides into top and bottom parts
Superior
top
Inferior
bottom
Medial
middle
Lateral
to the side
Posterior
back
Anterior
front
Dorsal
top part of hand and foot
Palmar
palm/bottom side of hand and foot
Proximal
closer to starting of a limb
Distal
closer to ending of a limb
Respiratory System Diagram
Alveoli
tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs
Asthma
lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
Bronchi
main passageways directly attached to lungs
Bronchioles
small passageways in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
Cystic Fibrosis
genetic disorder that affects the lungs; characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up mucus, and lung infections
Perfusion
passage of fluid to an organ or tissue
Pleura
membrane around the lungs and inside chest cavity
Surfactant
fluid secreted by alveoli and found in lungs
Tidal Volume (TV)
amount of air breathed in
Trachea
"windpipe"; connects larynx to lungs; made up of "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of body via inhalation and exhalation
Lungs are also referred to as ....
pleural cavity
Bronchi --> ??? --> ???
Bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Alveoli
Gas exchange in lungs occurs by ....
diffusion
Influenza
common flu
Tuberculosis (TB)
infectious bacterial lung disease
Pneumonia
infection that inflames air sacs with fluid
Arteries
thicker walls; blood vessels that deliver blood from heart to rest of the body
Veins
thinner walls; blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Capillaries
small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules
Diastole
cardiac cycle part that refills blood in the heart
Systole
cardiac cycle part that expels blood throughout the body
Heart
muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
Hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carries O2 to the rest of the body
Leukocyte
white blood cells that protect the body from disease
Lymphocyte
subtype of a white blood cell
Plasma
yellow part of blood that carries both blood cell types and platelets throughout the body
Heart Attack
blockage of blood flow to heart
Stroke
damage to brain from lack of blood supply to brain
Aneurysm
ballooned and weakened area in an artery
Atherosclerosis
plaque buildup in arteries
Arrhythmias
improper heart-beat
Hypertension
force of blood against artery wall is too high; high blood pressure
Closed Circulatory Loop
Pulmonary Loop and Systemic Loop
Pulmonary Loop
CO2 blood in right ventricle in lungs --> O2 blood in left atrium
Systemic Loop
O2 blood from left ventricle --> body --> CO2 blood from body --> right atrium
The ______ System and _______ System work together to regulate blood and gas exchange.
Circulatory; Respiratory
Pacemaker (SA Node)
sets rhyme for heart contractions
Open Lymphatic System
circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells
Lymph Nodes
filter interstitial fluid in lymphatic system; found in oral, nasal, and genital regions
Gastrointestinal System
Anus
opening in rectum that expels solid waste
Bolus
partially chewed and swallowed food
Chyme
semifluid in partially digested food
Enzymatic Digestion
breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption
Gallbladder
organ that store bile
Large Intestine
vitamins and H2O are absorbed b4 feces is eliminated; "colon"
Liver
produces bile and regulates glycogen storage
Mouth
oral cavity for entry of food
Pancreas
produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
Peristalsis
muscle contractions that move food through digestive tract
Rectum
last part of large intestine and anus
Saliva
"spit" in mouth
Small Intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ans ileum; where digestion and absorption of food occurs
Stomach
digestion occurs mechanically by contractions of smooth muscle and chemically by stomach acids and bile
Mouth Enzymes
Salivary amylase and lipase
Stomach Enzymes
Gastric lipase; Pepsin; HCl
Stomach Hormones
Gastrin; Ghrelin
Liver Enzymes
Bile
Pancreas Enzymes
Pancreatic juices; Trypsin
Pancreas Hormones
Secretion; Glucagon; Insulin
Small Intestine Enzymes
Proteases; Lactase; Disaccharides
Small Intestine Hormones
Secretin; Motilin
Digestion Process
mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth --> food goes through pharynx to stomach --> mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach --> food goes through duodenum to small intestine --> cecum to large intestine --> rectum to anus
Ghrelin
hormone that induces hunger
Leptin
hormone that induces sensation of thirst
Insulin
hormone that induces cellular uptake of glucose
Glucagon
hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen
Nerve Structure
Electrical Current Flow
axon --> myelin sheath --> synapse
Involuntary Nervous System
autonomic nervous system; cardiac and smooth muscles like heart, digestion, and breathing
Voluntary Nervous System
skeletal muscles like walking and throwing
Nerve
bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical signals towards and away from brain and spinal cord
Sensory Nerves
sends messages to the CNS; afferent nerves
Motor Nerves
send messages out to muscles' efferent nerves
Skeletal muscles move by contraction of _____ and _____ filaments.
actin and myosin
What is the primary component of muscles?
protein