Nursing TEAS: Science Section

Cell Parts/Organelles

Cell Parts/Organelles

Ribosomes; Golgi apparatus; Mitochondria; Nucleus

Call Parts/Organelles Function

process energy & excrete waste

Ribosomes

protein synthesis and give rough ER it's rough characteristics

Golgi apparatus

modifies & packages proteins

Mitochondria

convert energy

Nucleus

stores DNA

Cells

smallest unit of life

Organ

self-contained part of organism that performs a specific function

Organ Systems

functional groups of organs that work together within the body

Sagittal Plane

divides into left and right parts

Frontal Plane

divides into front and back parts

Transverse Plane

divides into top and bottom parts

Superior

top

Inferior

bottom

Medial

middle

Lateral

to the side

Posterior

back

Anterior

front

Dorsal

top part of hand and foot

Palmar

palm/bottom side of hand and foot

Proximal

closer to starting of a limb

Distal

closer to ending of a limb

Respiratory System Diagram

Alveoli

tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs

Asthma

lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing

Bronchi

main passageways directly attached to lungs

Bronchioles

small passageways in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

Cystic Fibrosis

genetic disorder that affects the lungs; characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up mucus, and lung infections

Perfusion

passage of fluid to an organ or tissue

Pleura

membrane around the lungs and inside chest cavity

Surfactant

fluid secreted by alveoli and found in lungs

Tidal Volume (TV)

amount of air breathed in

Trachea

"windpipe"; connects larynx to lungs; made up of "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of body via inhalation and exhalation

Lungs are also referred to as ....

pleural cavity

Bronchi --> ??? --> ???

Bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Alveoli

Gas exchange in lungs occurs by ....

diffusion

Influenza

common flu

Tuberculosis (TB)

infectious bacterial lung disease

Pneumonia

infection that inflames air sacs with fluid

Arteries

thicker walls; blood vessels that deliver blood from heart to rest of the body

Veins

thinner walls; blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules

Diastole

cardiac cycle part that refills blood in the heart

Systole

cardiac cycle part that expels blood throughout the body

Heart

muscle that pumps blood throughout the body

Hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carries O2 to the rest of the body

Leukocyte

white blood cells that protect the body from disease

Lymphocyte

subtype of a white blood cell

Plasma

yellow part of blood that carries both blood cell types and platelets throughout the body

Heart Attack

blockage of blood flow to heart

Stroke

damage to brain from lack of blood supply to brain

Aneurysm

ballooned and weakened area in an artery

Atherosclerosis

plaque buildup in arteries

Arrhythmias

improper heart-beat

Hypertension

force of blood against artery wall is too high; high blood pressure

Closed Circulatory Loop

Pulmonary Loop and Systemic Loop

Pulmonary Loop

CO2 blood in right ventricle in lungs --> O2 blood in left atrium

Systemic Loop

O2 blood from left ventricle --> body --> CO2 blood from body --> right atrium

The ______ System and _______ System work together to regulate blood and gas exchange.

Circulatory; Respiratory

Pacemaker (SA Node)

sets rhyme for heart contractions

Open Lymphatic System

circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells

Lymph Nodes

filter interstitial fluid in lymphatic system; found in oral, nasal, and genital regions

Gastrointestinal System

Anus

opening in rectum that expels solid waste

Bolus

partially chewed and swallowed food

Chyme

semifluid in partially digested food

Enzymatic Digestion

breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption

Gallbladder

organ that store bile

Large Intestine

vitamins and H2O are absorbed b4 feces is eliminated; "colon"

Liver

produces bile and regulates glycogen storage

Mouth

oral cavity for entry of food

Pancreas

produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

Peristalsis

muscle contractions that move food through digestive tract

Rectum

last part of large intestine and anus

Saliva

"spit" in mouth

Small Intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ans ileum; where digestion and absorption of food occurs

Stomach

digestion occurs mechanically by contractions of smooth muscle and chemically by stomach acids and bile

Mouth Enzymes

Salivary amylase and lipase

Stomach Enzymes

Gastric lipase; Pepsin; HCl

Stomach Hormones

Gastrin; Ghrelin

Liver Enzymes

Bile

Pancreas Enzymes

Pancreatic juices; Trypsin

Pancreas Hormones

Secretion; Glucagon; Insulin

Small Intestine Enzymes

Proteases; Lactase; Disaccharides

Small Intestine Hormones

Secretin; Motilin

Digestion Process

mechanical and chemical digestion in mouth --> food goes through pharynx to stomach --> mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach --> food goes through duodenum to small intestine --> cecum to large intestine --> rectum to anus

Ghrelin

hormone that induces hunger

Leptin

hormone that induces sensation of thirst

Insulin

hormone that induces cellular uptake of glucose

Glucagon

hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen

Nerve Structure

Electrical Current Flow

axon --> myelin sheath --> synapse

Involuntary Nervous System

autonomic nervous system; cardiac and smooth muscles like heart, digestion, and breathing

Voluntary Nervous System

skeletal muscles like walking and throwing

Nerve

bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical signals towards and away from brain and spinal cord

Sensory Nerves

sends messages to the CNS; afferent nerves

Motor Nerves

send messages out to muscles' efferent nerves

Skeletal muscles move by contraction of _____ and _____ filaments.

actin and myosin

What is the primary component of muscles?

protein