Chap 2 Chemical Organization Vocab Review

carbon

element in all organic molecules; easily bonds with 4 other atoms

monosacharrides

basic building block molecules for carbohydrates

dehydration synthesis

chem. reaction where polymers are made from monomers by removing water

hydrolysis

breaking polymers down through the addition of water; ex. is digestion of proteins

amino

functional group with basic properties

hydroxyl

polar functional group ; ex. alcohols

carbonyl

functional group that includes a double bonded oxygen and carbon

organic

compounds containing carbon

macromolecules

proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

polymer

large molecule made of many repeating building block molecules

monomer

general term for the building block molecules of polymers

phosphate

negatively charged functional group ; associated with usable cell energy

antibody

protein defense molecules that circulate within blood plasma

double bond

4 covalently, shared electrons between two atoms

methyl

functional group that affects the expression of genes

hydrogen bonds

weak covalent bond typically between an oxygen and an hydrogen; used to help hold together separate water molecules and nitrogen bases within the DNA double helix

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

carbohydrate macromolecules made of a few hundred to a few thousand monomers bound together

sucrose

disaccharide such as table sugar

glucose

primary monosaccharide used for a cellular chemical energy supply

fructose

monosaccharide found in fruit

lactose

disaccharide found in milk sugar

cellulose

structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls; "plant fiber"

cholesterol

building block monomer of steroid lipids; made of a 4 ring structure; embedded within phospholipids to help stabilize the fluid nature of animal cell membranes

starch

storage polysaccharide produced by plants; concentrated in potatoes

glycogen

animal starch produced and stored in the liver and muscle cells; provides long term energy

lipid

hydrophobic, non-polar macromolecule category that includes fats, steroids, and phospholipids

fatty acid

monomer unit of a lipid; molecule has a long, non-polar hydrocarbon tail

phospholipid

phosphate bound, double tail molecule which makes up the majority of cell membrane structure

steroid

group of lipid molecules made of cholesterol; necessary for most hormones

amino acid

basic monomer, building block molecule of proteins; contains an amine and carboxyl group

peptide

chemical bond between a carbon and a nitrogen atom; this bond links together amino acids

protein

major macromolecule category that includes enzymes, antibodies, and transport molecules

enzyme

type of protein that serves as a chemical reaction catalyst

ionic bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions, where electrons are transferred between the adjacent ions

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule; typically between two non-metals

nucleotide

monomer unit of nucleic acids; made of a phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base

anticodon

3 nitrogen base sequence on the end of tRNA molecule; it temporarily bonds with a mRNA codon during translation

primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids which first forms to make a protein; formed at a ribosome

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

secondary structure

growing polypeptide formed with hydrogen bonds which cause pleated sheets and helix shapes

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to ionic interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

helicase

DNA enzyme that first unzips the double helix during DNA replication

DNA polymerase

main "building" enzyme which adds free nucleotides to the growing DNA copy during DNA replication

DNA Ligase

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of a new DNA fragment to the 5' growing chain.