biodiversity exam 4

Lophophorates

A group of animals characterized by the presence of a lophophore, a feeding structure.

Blastopore

The opening of the gastrula that develops into the mouth or anus.

Protostome

An organism in which the blastopore develops into the mouth.

Phylum Phoronida

A phylum of lophophorates characterized by tentacle-like feeding structures.

Phylum Bryozoa

A phylum of lophophorates characterized by retractable bristles.

Phylum Brachiopoda

A phylum of lophophorates characterized by arms/legs with a shell and hinge.

Phylum Annelids

A phylum of segmented worms characterized by little rings, metameres (segments), parapodia (feet), setae of chitin, closed circulation, complete digestive system, and gas exchange through the skin.

Class Oligochaete

A class of annelids that includes earthworms, which are segmented.

Class Polychaeta

A class of annelids that includes segmented worms.

Class Hirudinea

A class of annelids that includes leeches.

Phylum Arthropod

A phylum of animals characterized by segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Tagma

The body segments of an arthropod, including the head, abdomen, and thorax.

Cuticle

The outer covering of an arthropod's body, made of chitin.

Gills

Respiratory organs in arthropods that allow for gas exchange.

Book lungs

Respiratory organs in arachnids that allow for gas exchange.

Tracheae

Tubes in arthropods that allow for gas exchange, connected to the outside through spiracles.

Compound eyes

Eyes in arthropods made up of many individual lenses.

Simple eyes

Eyes in arthropods that detect shadows and light intensity.

Biramous

Legs in arthropods that are branched.

Uniramous

Legs in arthropods that are unbranched.

Chelicerae

Mouthparts in arthropods used for feeding.

Pedipalps

Appendages in arthropods used for feeding or sensory purposes.

Class Merostamata

A class of arthropods that includes horseshoe crabs.

Class Arachnida

A class of arthropods that includes spiders and mites.

Class Pycnogonida

A class of arthropods that includes sea spiders.

Subphylum Crustaceans

A subphylum of arthropods that includes crustaceans, characterized by various body types.

Order Copepoda

A planktonic order of crustaceans.

Order Cirripedia

An order of crustaceans that includes barnacles.

Order Isopoda

An order of crustaceans that includes marine isopods, except for the terrestrial pill bug.

Order Decapoda

An order of crustaceans that includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.

Class Insecta

A class of arthropods in the subphylum Uniramia, characterized by three body segments (head, thorax, abdomen) and six legs.

Pterygota

Winged insects that undergo metamorphosis.

Ametamorphosis

Insects that do not undergo a significant change in body form during development.

Mandibles

Mouthparts in insects used for chewing.

Parthenogenesis

A form of reproduction in which females produce offspring without fertilization.

Class Diploda

A class of arthropods that includes millipedes, characterized by having two pairs of legs per segment.

Class Chilopoda

A class of arthropods that includes centipedes, characterized by having one pair of legs per segment.

Echinoderms

A group of deuterostome animals characterized by spiny skin, a water vascular system, and tube feet.

Class Crinoidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea lilies, characterized by arms used for filter-feeding.

Class Echinoidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea urchins.

Class Asteroidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea stars, capable of regenerating arms.

Class Ophiuroidea

A class of echinoderms that includes brittle stars, capable of regenerating arms.

Class Holothuroidea

A class of echinoderms that includes sea cucumbers, capable of spilling out their guts as a defense mechanism.

Phylum Hemichordates

A phylum of animals that includes acorn worms, characterized by a proboscis and pharyngeal slits.

Phylum Chordata

A phylum of animals characterized by a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a postanal tail.

Subphylum Urochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes tunicates and sea squirts, characterized by a larval stage with chordate characteristics and sessile adults.

Coelom

A body cavity that holds organs in animals.

Paedogenesis

A form of reproduction in which the larval form retains all chordate characteristics as it gains reproductive organs.

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A subphylum of chordates that includes lancelets, characterized by burrowing into the sand and filter feeding.

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone, including the subphylum Vertebrata.

Germ layers

The three primary layers of cells in an embryo that give rise to different tissues and organs.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system, sense organs, epidermis, and pituitary gland.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that gives rise to the notochord, skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and outer layers of the digestive system.

Endoderm

The inner germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the digestive tube and respiratory system.

Class Agnatha

A class of jawless vertebrates that includes lampreys, hagfishes, and extinct ostracoderms.

Class Chondrichthyes

A class of cartilaginous fish that includes sharks and rays.

Placoid scales

Small, tooth-like scales found on the skin of sharks and rays.

Class Osteichthyes

A class of bony fish characterized by an ossified endoskeleton, a two-chambered heart, and an operculum.

Subclass Actinopterygii

A subclass of bony fish that includes gar and sturgeons, characterized by ray-finned fins.

Subclass Sarcopterygii

A subclass of bony fish that includes lobe-finned fish, characterized by lobed paired fins.

Class Amphibia

A class of tetrapod vertebrates that includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.

Tetrapods

Four-limbed vertebrates.

Tiktaalik

An extinct freshwater fish with lungs and limbs that walked and resembled crocodiles.

Class Anura

A class of amphibians that includes frogs.

Class Urodela

A class of amphibians that includes axolotls.

Class Apoda

A class of amphibians that includes caecilians.

Class Aves

Birds and bird-like dinosaurs, characterized by a 4-chambered heart, keeled sternum, flight and flightless abilities, and closest relation to dinosaurs.

Class Mammalia

Mammals, characterized by being endothermic, having a 4-chambered heart, mammary glands, and fat and fur.

Prototheria

Monotremes, a subclass of mammals that lay eggs, such as the platypus and echidna, and have a cloaca.

Metatheria

Marsupials, a subclass of mammals that give birth to relatively undeveloped young and carry them in a pouch, such as koalas, kangaroos, and opossums.

Eutheria

Placental mammals, a subclass of mammals that have a placenta for nourishing the developing fetus, including humans and all other mammals.

Primates

A group of mammals characterized by adaptations for climbing trees, long prehensile tails (acting as a fifth arm), opposable thumbs, large brain size, stereoscopic vision, and being primarily carnivorous.

Human ancestor order

H. Sapiens, H. Erectus, H. Habilis, Aust, Ardi. The order of human ancestors from youngest to oldest.

Vestigial Traits

Traits that have lost their original function but still exist in a reduced or altered form, such as the tailbone and goosebumps in humans.

Homologous Traits

Traits that have different structures but serve the same function, such as the wings of birds and the arms of humans.

Out of Africa Hypothesis

The hypothesis that Homo erectus evolved in East Africa 1.8 million years ago and then migrated to Europe, Asia, and other regions, leaving fossils at various sites.

Multiregional Hypothesis

The hypothesis that Homo erectus evolved in Eastern Africa and then migrated to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Indies, leading to the development of different regional populations.

Class Reptilia

Reptiles, characterized by laying amniotic eggs, being ectothermic, having internal fertilization, scales made of keratin, and a cloaca.

Amniotic Egg

An egg with specialized membranes (chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac) that protect and nourish the developing embryo.

Ectotherm

Organisms that rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.

Endotherm

Organisms that use metabolic processes to maintain a constant internal body temperature.

Cloaca

An opening where two or more systems meet to empty materials, also seen in sharks.

Hypothesis A

The hypothesis that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the subphylum Cephalochordata.

Hypothesis B

The hypothesis that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the larvae of the subphylum Urochordata.

Lophophores

Feeding structures found in certain invertebrates.

Parapodia

Feet-like structures found in certain invertebrates.

Leeches

A category of annelids belonging to the subclass Hirudinea.

Annelids

A phylum of segmented worms, with larvae resembling those of mollusks.

Ectoderm

The germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system and sense organs.

Ostracoderms

Extinct, jawless fish with ossified dermal plates.

Class Chondrichthyes

Fish with a skeleton made of cartilage, including sharks and rays.

Phylum Arthropoda

Invertebrates with an exoskeleton made of chitin, including insects, spiders, and crustaceans.

Starfish & Brittle stars

Echinoderms that can break their arms as a defense mechanism.

Acorn worms

Invertebrates that can burrow, have a proboscis, and have pharyngeal gill slits.

Flightless birds in Class Aves

Emu, Ostrich, Rhea.