U4 AOS 2- Training Programs (add this) & Chronic Adaptations, Physiological Adaptations to Exercise

Flashcards definitions and benefits for cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, and muscular adaptations.

Stroke Volume

D: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle) per beat.

B: which improves the athlete's ability to use more $O_2$ and resynthesise ATP aerobically.

Decreased Resting and Submaximal Heart Rate

D: Fewer heart beats required at rest and during submaximal exercise,

B: providing greater efficiency and reduced cardiac workload.

Increased (max.) Cardiac Output

D: Increased amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute,

B: allowing more $O_2$ to be delivered to working muscles.

Increased Heart Capillarisation

D: Increased number of capillaries supplying the heart muscle,

B: resulting in improved blood and $O_2$ supply to the heart.

Increased Muscle Capillarisation

D: Increased number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibres, B: delivering more $O_2$ and fuel to muscles and enabling faster waste removal.

Increased Blood Volume

D: Increase in the total amount of blood circulating in the body,

B: leading to greater $O_2$ transport and improved thermoregulation.

Increased Lactate Inflection Point

D: The point where the balance between lactate production and lactate removal is exceeded.

B: allowing exercise at a higher intensity for longer.

Anaerobic: Increased Blood Redistribution

D: A greater proportion of blood directed towards working muscles during exercise,

B: supplying more $O_2$ and nutrients to working muscles.

Increased Muscular Hypertrophy

D: Increase in the size of muscle fibres,

B: resulting in increased strength and power.

Increased Anaerobic Enzymes

D: Increase in enzymes involved in anaerobic energy production,

B: leading to faster ATP production.

Increased Fuel Stores

D: Increased stores of ATP, PC, and muscle glycogen,

B: providing greater energy availability during high-intensity exercise.

Improved Anaerobic/Glycolytic Capacity

D: Improved ability to produce ATP through anaerobic glycolysis,

B: enabling high-intensity activity to be sustained for longer.

Increased Motor Unit Recruitment

D: Increase in the number of motor units recruited to produce force faster.

B: The greater the force that can be generated. (strength and power).

Increased Motor Unit Firing Rates/Frequency

D: Increase in enzymes involved in anaerobic energy production.

B: Faster ATP production.

Improved Synchronisation of Motor Units

D: Increase stores of ATP, PC and muscle glycogen.

B: Greater energy avaliabilty during high intensity exercise.

Decreased Neural Inhibition

D: Improved ability to produce ATP through anaerobic glycolysis.

B: Sustain high-intensity activity for longer.

Increased Tidal Volume

D: Increased amount of air inspired and expired per breath,

B: allowing more $O_2$ to enter the lungs per breath.

Decreased Resting and Submaximal Respiratory Rates

D: Fewer breaths required at rest and during submaximal exercise,

B: yielding greater respiratory efficiency.

Increased Alveolar and Pulmonary Diffusion

D: Increased movement of $O_2$ from the alveoli into the blood, B: leading to improved $O_2$ uptake and gaseous exchange.

Increased (max.) Minute Ventilation

D: Increased maximum amount of air breathed in or out per minute,

B: expanding the capacity to supply $O_2$ during exercise.

Increased Mitochondrial Density/Size/Number

D: Increase in the number and size of mitochondria in muscle cells,

B: resulting in greater aerobic ATP production.

Increased Myoglobin Content

D: Increase in oxygen-binding proteins that store and transport $O_2$ within muscles,

B: improving $O_2$ transport to mitochondria.

Increased Oxidative Enzymes

D: Increase in enzymes that help break down carbohydrates and fats aerobically,

B: leading to faster aerobic energy production.

Increase A-VO2 Difference

D: Greater difference between the $O_2$ content of arterial and venous blood,

B: meaning muscles extract more $O_2$ from blood.

Increased Glycogen Stores

D: Greater amount of glycogen stored in the muscles,

B: providing greater fuel availability during exercise.

Increased Fat Oxidisation

D: Greater ability of muscles to use fat as an energy source, B: which conserves glycogen stores and delays fatigue.