Subcortical structures

Most common basal ganglia disease

parkinson's

Parkinson's is a damage and deficit of _____-producing cells of basal ganglia

dopamine

Symptoms of parkinson's

resing tremor, masked face, bradykinesia, reduced range/force, hypokinetic, dysarthria

hypokinetic

reduced voice

bradykinesia

slow movement

Midbrain controls...

eye movement, some visual/auditory reflexes

what is the bridge to the cerebellum

pons

All info passes between the spine and higher level brain through the...

medulla

What is the exit point for many cranial nerves

medulla

Where is the cerebellum located

posteriorly between occipital lobe and brainstem

What sits posterior between the occipital lobe and brain stem?

cerebellum

Function of cerebellum

coordinated movement

Cerebellum is connected to...

the brainstem

What compares afferent/efferent info?

cerebellum

What connects 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

vermis

Cerebellum separated by...

primary fissure

Clinical symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction

- ataxia

- intention tremor

- dysmetria

- dysdiadokinesis

- hypotonia

Intention tremor

tremor that occurs with intentional movement

What is the tremor that occurs with intentional movement?

intention tremor

Dysmetria

inability to judge distance and to stop movements at chosen spots

Example of dysmetria

can't place finger on nose

Ataxia is a defecit in ______ __________

motor coordination

What would ataxia look like

trouble walking, stumbling

abnormal gait, feet spread apart, stumbling are signs of...

ataxia

Disdiadokokinesis is trouble with _______ movement task

alternating

What is the cerebellar disfunction where there is trouble alternating movement tasks

dysdiadokokinesis

Saying buttercup would be hard for someone with...

dysdiadokokinesis

Hypotonia is ______, ______ muscles

floppy, weak

intention tremor is what type of disfunction?

cerebellar dysfunction

Dysmetria is what type of disfunction?

cerebellar dysfunction

ataxia is what type of disfunction

cerebellar disfunction

Dysdiadokokinesis is what type of disfunction?

cerebellar disfunction

Hypotonia is what type of disfunction?

cerebellar disfunction

What are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord called

meninges

Meninges are the membranes...

covering the brain and spinal cord

Meninges purpose:

-

-

-

- protect

- hold in place

- support

How many layers of meninges are there?

3

3 meningeal layers

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid

3. pia mater

What is the most superficial layer of the meninges

dura mater

What is the closest meningeal later to the skull

Dura mater

what is the middle meningeal layer?

arachnoid

Where does the circulation of CSF happen?

subarachnoid layer in the arachnoid

What is the innermost layer of the meninges?

Pia mater

What meningeal layer covers the brain

Pia mater

What is clear lymph fluid called?

cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid circulated in the ______ space around the brain and spinal cord

subarachnoid

What bathes and protects the CNS

cerebrospinal fluid

Where is CSF manufactured?

ventricles

CSF is produced every _ hours

7

What happens to old CSF?

reabsorbed

CSF cushions the ____ and _____ during trauma

brain and spinal cord

How many ventricles are in the brain?

4

Name the ventricles

lateral ventricles, third, fourth

All ventricles contain ____ _____

choroid plexus

choroid plexus is tissue that produces...

CSF

What is the blockage in ventricular system were CSF accumulated and enlarges ventricles, thinning out brain matter called?

hydrocephalus

what is in control of the primitive brain?

Limbic system

Primitive brain is both ____ and ____

cortical and subcortical

What is sometimes called the 5th lobe

limbic system

Where do the subcortical structures meet the cortical strucutres?

limbic system

What regulates emotion, motivational aspects of behavior, short-term memory

limbic system

Landmarks of the Limbic system

• hippocampus

• Amygdala

• Thalamus

• hypothalamus

• olfactory bulb

Function of hippocampus

memory consolidation

Amygdala function

emotion and behavior

Where is the amygdala

medial temporal lobe

What inhibits bahaviors

amygdala

What also participated in memory formation with the hippocampus?

amygdala

What makes up the diencephalon?

Thalamus + hypothalamus

What is the sensory relay station?

thalamus

thalamus function

sensory relay station

Hypothalamus controls…

autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, pituitary gland

Basal ganglia controls…

motor movement and tone

What dampens excessive movement

basal ganglia

Disorder of basal ganglia =

dyskinesia

Disorders of basal ganglia

• chorea

• Athetosis

• Ballismus

• Tremor

• Bradykinesia

• Hypokinesias

Chorea

“dancing movements” - huntington’s

Athetosis

slow, twisting/writing motions (arms/fingers)

Ballismus

violent movement of arms and legs

tremor

repetitive movement

Bradykinesia

slow movement

hypokinesias

diminished slow movements