Chapter 7: Impact of Computing

Data

________ sent over public networks can be intercepted, analyzed, and modified.

Security

________ protects that data from cyber attacks and hacking.

PII

________ and other information can be used to enhance a users online experience.

ethical concerns

Computing innovations can raise legal and ________.

human bias

Computing innovations can reflect existing ________.

security

To increase ________, encryption is used.

Algorithms

________ can be used to determine starting salaries for large companies.

World Wide Web

was intended only for rapid and easy exchange of information within the scientific community.

internet

is a global connection of networks, while the World Wide Web is collection of information that is accessed via the Internet.

digital divide

is the difference in access to technology including access to computers and the internet.

Infrastructure

Some parts of the world do not have access to the internet.

Algorithms

________ can be intentionally or unintentionally biased.

Education

A person could have access to the internet but not have the education to use it.

Indifference

A person could have access to the internet but choose not to use it.

Cost

The cost of accessing the internet could make using it unaffordable.

computing innovation

can have both a beneficial and a harmful effect on societies, cultures, or economies. 

effect

may be an impact, a result, or an outcome. 

Beneficial and/or harmful effects

are contextual and interpretive.

Identification

includes both the classification of the effect as either beneficial or harmful and justification for that classification.

Algorithms

are helping people make decisions that can have extreme ramifications. 

Crowdsourcing

is the practice of obtaining input or information from many people via the internet.

Citizen science

is scientific research using public participation in scientific research.

Security

is needed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. 

Privacy

is the right to control data generated by one’s usage of computing innovations and restrict the flow of that data to third parties.

PII

can be analyzed and processed by businesses and shared with other companies. 

Cyber criminals

are creative in their methods for stealing PII data.

Authentication

measures protect devices and information from unauthorized access.

Multifactor authentication

is a method of computer access control in which a user is granted access only after successfully presenting several pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism

Knowledge

something the user knows

Possession

something the user has

Inherence

something the user is

Encryption

is the process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access. 

Decryption

is the process of decoding the data.

Symmetric key encryption

uses the same key for both encryption and decryption.

Public key encryption

(also called asymmetric encryption) uses two keys—one private and one public.

Malware

is malicious software intended to damage a computing system or take partial control or its operations. 

Computer viruses

are malicious programs that can copy themselves and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way. 

Viruses

often perform some type of harmful activity on infected host computers. 

Phishing

is a technique that directs users to unrelated sites that trick the user into giving personal data. 

Keylogging

is another method involving unauthorized access to a computer.

Data

sent over public networks can be intercepted, analyzed, and modified. 

rogue access point

is a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.