Effective Communication (Exam)

1. Personal Communication

2. Interpersonal Communication

3. Intrapersonal Communication

Communication Contexts

Personal Communication

involves informal communication with close contacts. It is often reflective and subjective and may use first-person expressions such as “I” or “my.”

• Common focus: personal feelings, experiences, thoughts, and reflections.

• Example: “I felt proud after my speech.”

Interpersonal Communication

occurs between two or more individuals who exchange messages directly. It may happen face-to-face or through technology.

• Example: “Could you assist me with this project?”

• It involves interaction, response, listening, and relationship-building.

Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication happens within the mind of one person.

• Examples include thinking, reflecting, evaluating one's own actions, and talking to oneself internally.

1. Active Listening

2. Turn-Taking

3. Asking for Clarification

4. Asking for Repetition

5. Repair

6. Polite Interruption

7. Summarizing

Conversation Strategies:

Active Listening

means showing that you are paying attention to a speaker. Nonverbal behaviors such as nodding can show that you are listening.

• Pay attention to the speaker.

• Show appropriate responses.

• Use nonverbal cues such as nodding.

Turn-Taking

allows participants in a conversation to contribute. It helps organize interaction and can prevent misunderstandings.

Remember: A conversation is more effective when participants give one another opportunities to speak.

Asking for Clarification

is used when you do not clearly understand a message or idea.

• It prevents guessing.

• It helps resolve confusion.

• It encourages accurate understanding.

Asking for Repetition

is used when a speaker's message was not heard or understood clearly.

Repair

____ in conversation involves correcting or resolving misunderstandings. It is not the same as deliberately changing the topic.

Polite Interruption

allows a speaker to be interrupted respectfully when necessary.

Example: “Excuse me, may I add something?”

Summarizing

involves stating the important points of a message briefly and clearly.

1. Politeness Markers

2. Formal Greetings

3. Politely Declining an Invitation

4. Polite Disagreements

POLITENESS AND CONVERSATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Politeness Markers

are expressions that make requests or interactions sound more respectful.

Example: “Could you pass me the folder?”

Formal Greeting

require appropriate formal greetings.

Example: “Dear Sir/Madam,”

• Avoid overly casual greetings such as “Hey there!” when writing a formal letter.

Polite Disagreement

allows a person to express a different opinion respectfully.

Example: “That’s interesting, but I have another idea.”

Tone

refers to the attitude or feeling expressed through a message

Serious Tone

communicates urgency, importance, or concern.

Example: “This is urgent. Please respond ASAP.”

Tone and Context

The appropriate tone depends on the situation, audience, relationship, and purpose.

• Formal situations usually require a respectful and professional tone.

• Personal conversations may allow a more relaxed tone.

• Online messages can be misunderstood when tone is unclear.

1. Written Communication

2. Formal Communication

WRITTEN AND SPOKEN COMMUNICATION

Written Communication

includes forms such as reports, emails, and letters.

• It is not limited to oral conversations.

• Because readers cannot always hear the writer's tone, wording and punctuation are important.

Formal Communication

is appropriate in professional or academic situations.

Example: writing an email to your teacher.

1. “Po”

2. Bayanihan Spirit

3. Pakikisama

4. Utang na Loob

5. Lakas na Loob

6. Bahala na

7. Pakikipagkapwa

CULTURE AND FILIPINO COMMUNICATION

“Po”

is a Filipino expression used to show respect and human dignity.

Remember: ___ is not primarily used to establish social class or demonstrate educational attainment.

Bayanihan Spirit

The _____ emphasizes collective action and community cooperation.

• Helping one another

• Working together

• Supporting the community

Pakikisama

is associated with maintaining harmonious relationships and getting along with others.

In the test context, it is connected with avoiding direct confrontation in order to maintain group harmony.

Utang na Loob

refers to reciprocal obligations or gratitude for help received.

Lakas na Loob

Lakas ng loob refers to personal courage or having the courage to act.

Bahala Na

is associated in the test with accepting fate or leaving an outcome to what may happen.

Pakikipagkapwa

reflects recognition of shared identity with others.

It emphasizes seeing and treating others as fellow human beings rather than focusing only on differences or status.

1. Facial Expressions

2. Eyebrow Raised

3. Body Language

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Facial Expressions

can communicate emotions and attitudes.

Example: Smiling during criticism may suggest that a person is politely masking uncomfortable emotions.

Eyebrow Raised

can explicitly communicate a questioning attitude toward a situation, depending on context.

1. Facial Expressions

2. Gestures

3. Posture

4. Eye behavior

Body Language

Body Language

can reinforce, contradict, or change the interpretation of spoken words.

Explicit Meaning

is the direct or clearly stated meaning of a message.

Implicit Meaning

is suggested or understood beyond the literal words. Context and cultural knowledge may be needed to understand it.

Example: “Kumain ka na ba?” may literally ask whether someone has eaten, but in Filipino communication it can implicitly express care and concern for the person's well-being.

Critical Listening

means going beyond the surface of a message to determine meaning.

• Do not automatically accept all information at face value.

• Consider what the speaker means, not only the words used.

• Pay attention to tone and nonverbal cues.

• Consider context and purpose.

Context

refers to the situation or circumstances in which communication occurs.

Audience

refers to the people receiving or reading the message.

Purpose

refers to the reason for communicating.

Cohesive Devices

help link ideas together smoothly in a text. They make relationships among ideas clearer.

• They connect ideas.

• They help readers follow a text.

• They support the logical flow of communication.

Lexical Cohesion

refers to connections created through vocabulary choices and relationships among words.

Ellipsis

involves leaving out words that can be understood from the context. The meaning remains clear even though some information is omitted.

1. Synonym Clues

2. Antonym Clues

3. Explain Clues

CONTEXT CLUES

Context Clues

help readers determine the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Synonym Clues

provides a word or expression with a similar meaning to the unfamiliar word.

Antonym Clues

provides a word or expression with an opposite meaning to the unfamiliar word.

Explain Clues

gives an example that helps explain the unfamiliar word.

Intentional Bias

involves deliberate crafting or presentation of information to persuade an audience effectively.

Unlike accidental errors or unconscious influences,____ ___ involves a deliberate purpose.

Effective communication helps people build and maintain relationships.

• Listen actively.

• Show empathy.

• Respect others.

• Allow others to speak.

• Avoid curt or dismissive responses.

• Respond appropriately to messages.

Example: Listening actively and showing empathy helps build relationships.

BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH COMMUNICATION

Online chats and group messages can lead to misunderstandings because written messages may not clearly show tone, facial expressions, gestures, or other nonverbal cues.

• A short message may sound rude even when the sender did not intend it.

• Sarcasm may be difficult to recognize.

• Different interpretations of words can cause confusion.

• Context may be missing.

• Delayed responses may also be interpreted differently by readers.

ONLINE COMMUNICATION AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS