Lab 11 bio lab

Biological taxonomy

Classifications follow a specific hierarchy that gets increasingly refined as you work down the ranks

Species

Group of organisms that are able to reproduce and produce viable offspring

What are the domains?

Bacteria, arachaea, and eukarya

Prokaryotic domains

Bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic domains

Eukarya

Species name:

Homo sapiens

Genus of Homo sapiens

Homo or Homo

Specific epithet of Homo sapiens

sapiens or sapiens

Prokaryotic cells were once grouped into one kingdom called?

Monera

Monera

Single referring to single-celled

3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells

1. DNA is circular

2. No membrane-bound nucleus

3. No membrane-bound organelles

Extremophiles

Very old group of organisms that inhabit the more extreme environments

Example of domain archaea

Extremophiles

Domain archaea desc.

• No peptidoglycan in cell walls

• Unique liquid construction in plasma membrane

• May be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotes

• Some contain introns

Introns

Non-coding parts of a gene

Domain archaea: Extremophiles examples

• Methanogens

• Halophiles

• Thermoacidophiles

“methan makers”

Methanogens

Methanogens desc.

• Live below the mud in swamps

• Reduce carbon dioxide to methane

• Poisoned by oxygen

Halophiles

Live in very salty places (15-20% salinity; normal sea water is 3%)

Color of halophiles is due to the presence of this pigment

Bacterordopsin

What has the simplest form of phosphorylation?

Halophiles

Phosphorylation

Uses light

Where can halophiles be found?

Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea

Thermoacidophiles are found in?

Areas with a pH of 2 and below and temps above 60 degrees C (deep sea vents or hot sulfur springs)

Gram +

Lot of peptidoglycan in cell wall; stains violet

Gram -

Very little peptidoglycan in wall; stains pink

Chemotaxis

Movement in response to chemical gradients

Phototaxis

The movement of a motile organisms in response to light

How does domain bacteria divide?

By binary fission

Endospores

Cells able to withstand harsh environmental conditions

Flagella is composed of

Flagellin

3 shapes of bacteria

1. Bacillus

2. Cocci

3. Spirilla

Bacteria arrangements

1. Diplo

2. Strepto

3. Staphylo

Diplo-

Paired

Strepto-

Chained

Staphylo-

Clusters

Mitosis

Process eukaryotes use to divide nuclear DNA during cell division

Binary fission

How bacteria reproduce

3 types of plasmids

1. Conjugation

2. Transformation

3. Transduction

Plasmids

Self replicating circular chromosomes not associated with the bacteria’s normal chromosome

Conjugation

Transfer of DNA between two bacteria cells which are termporarily joined

How is DNA transferred in conjugation?

Through tube (pilus)

Transformation

Process of taking in DNA from the external environment

Transduction

Transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses

Bacteriophages

Viruses that infect bacteria

What do bacteriophages commandeer?

A cells’s resources to make more bacteriophages

When one of the bacteriophages are defective, what happens?

The bacteriophages infects the cell, transferring the DNA

Domain bacteria forms endospores to?

Withstand harsh conditions

Photoautotroph energy source

Light

Photoautotroph carbon source

Carbon dioxide

Chemoautotroph energy source

Inorganics

Chemoautotroph carbon source

Carbon dioxide

Photoheterotroph energy source

Light

Photoautotroph carbon source

Organic compounds

Chemoheterotroph energy source

Organic compounds

Chemoheterotroph carbon source

organic compounds

The majority of bacteria are?

Chemoheterotrophs

Saprobes

Feed on dead organisms

Parasites

Feed on living host

Obligate aerobe

Requires oxygen

Facultative anaerobe

Can grow wit or without oxygen; usually grows faster with it

Obligate anaerobe

Poisoned by oxygen

Mutualism

Both benefit

Commensalisms

A benefits; B is neither harms nor gets benefits

Parasitisms

A benefits; B is harmed

Ammensalism

A does not benefit; B is harmed

Symbiosis

An ecological relationship between different species which are in direct contact with each other

5 Kingdoms of Domain Bacteria

1. Kingdom proteobacteria

2. Kingdom Chlamydia

3. Kingdom spirochetes

4. Kingdom Gram + bacteria

5. Kingom cyanobacteria

Kingdom proteobacteria subgroups

• Alpha proteobacteria

• Beta proteobacteria

• Gamma proteobacteria

• Delta proteobacteria

• Epilson proteobacteria

Many species in this subgroup are symbiotic with plant

Alpha proteobacteria

Beta proteobacteria

Nutritionally diverse

Causes gonorrhea

Neisserria gonorrhoeae

Causes Legionnaire’s Disease

Legionella

Cause Cholera

Vibrio chloerae

Delta proteobacteria

Slime produce myxobacteria

Causes stomach ulcers

Heliobacter pyloria

Causes blood poisoning and intestinal inflammation

Camphylobactor

Kingdom chlamydia survives only in

Animal cells

Causes blindness and non-gonococcal urethritis

Chlydia trachomatis (most common STI)

Causes syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Causes Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Heterocysts

Convert nitrogen and ammonia like alpha proteobacteria

Kingdom gram positive bacteria desc.

• Casues tuberculosis and leprosy

• Responsible for the earthy odor of rich soil

• Some are sources of antibitoics

Streptomyces

produces the antibiotic streptomycin that can destroy other bacteria

Produce anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Causes botulisms (paralysis, from contaminated food/water)

Clostridium botullinum

Smallest of all bacteria

Kingdom Gram + bacteria

Mycoplasms

The only bacteria that does not have a cell wall still grouped with the gram positives

Disinfectant

• Lyses most cells

• Used on non-living surfaces

Antpsetic

• Lyses some cells, prohibits growth

• Used on living tissue