criminal law and summary convictions

Bail

The release of an individual from custody, often under certain conditions, pending trial.

Right to Silence

The right of an accused to remain silent and not self-incriminate during legal proceedings.

Mens Rea

The mental state or intent of a person at the time of committing a crime, often termed as 'guilty mind'.

Actus Reus

The physical act or conduct that constitutes a criminal offense.

Disclosure

The duty of the Crown to provide evidence and information that is relevant to the case to the defense.

Plea Bargain

An agreement in which an accused pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a lighter sentence.

Standard of Proof

The level of certainty required in a criminal trial, which is 'beyond a reasonable doubt'.

Plea

The formal statement made by an accused regarding the charges, either guilty or not guilty.

Causation

The relationship between the act and the resulting consequence, establishing that the act caused the outcome.

Preliminary Inquiry

A hearing to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed to trial in a criminal case.

Disclosure Package

The collection of evidence and information provided by the Crown to the defense in a criminal proceeding.

Guilty Plea

A formal admission of guilt by the accused, which must be voluntary, informed, and unequivocal.

Crown

The representation of the state in legal proceedings, responsible for prosecuting criminal cases.

Hybrid Offences

Criminal offenses that can be prosecuted either as summary or indictable offenses based on the choice of the Crown.

Court Elections

Decisions made regarding the level of court to be used for prosecution and whether to go for indictable or summary trial.