APUSH 1

James K. Polk

Democratic president of the US from 1845-1849

Levi Strauss

Made a fortune by inventing jeans that could withstand harsh weather and long wear for miners

John L. O'Sullivan

Wrote the Democratic Review, which coined the term and created Manifest Destiny

Sam Brannen

Man who made a huge profit by opening a shop for miners with overpriced goods

John Marshall

The man who first found gold in California that sparked the gold rush

Mark Twain

Wrote best-selling novels about pioneers

Henry Wells and William Fargo

Created Wells Fargo Bank; a bank for gold miners

Domingo Ghirardelli

Created a candy shop for miners

General Zachary Taylor

Captured Mexico City and led America during the Mexican-American War

General Winfield Scott

Captured Mexico City, led during the Mexican-American War, proposed the Anaconda Plan

William Walker

Invaded Nicaragua and Latin American nations illegally; declared himself president of Nicaragua

John C. Fremont

One of the 1st Republican candidates; won 11 free states and 1.3 million votes

Solomon Northup

The main character and author of 12 Years a Slave

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist who said slavery wasn't theoretical, it was practiced on real people

Charles Sumner

Senator who was caned for his anti-slavery speech attacking Andrew Butler

Andrew Butler

Senator targeted in Sumner's speech

Preston Brooks

Cousin of Butler who beat Sumner with a cane

Dred Scott

Slave man who sued for freedom after living in free territory

Chief Justice Roger Taney

Ruled that no Black man could be a U.S. citizen

Stephen A. Douglas

Beat Lincoln in a Senate race in Illinois

Abraham Lincoln

President during the Civil War, delivered the Gettysburg Address, assassinated in 1865

John Brown

Led a failed slave rebellion raid on Harper's Ferry; hero in the North

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general who stood strong during the Battle of Bull Run

Colonel Robert Gould Shaw

Led the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Led Confederate troops in the Fort Pillow Massacre

Robert E. Lee

Confederate leader who surrendered to Grant

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general at Vicksburg, took command of Union armies, later president

Sherman

Union leader who led Total War tactics and the Atlanta Campaign

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

War over Texas border; ended with the U.S. gaining CA, NM, UT, and more

California Gold Rush

1849 rush of settlers to CA for gold; called '49ers'

John Brown's Raid

Attempt to spark a slave rebellion; failed at Harper's Ferry

Election of 1860

Lincoln wins, Southern states start to secede

Civil War

War between North and South over slavery and states' rights

Attack on Fort Sumter

Confederates fire on Fort Sumter; war begins

Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War; Confederate victory

New York City Draft Riots

Protests against the draft; turned into violent race riots

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest single day in U.S. history

Battle of Fort Wagner (1863)

54th Massachusetts Infantry fought bravely

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the war; Lee's last northern invasion

Siege of Vicksburg

Union gains control of the Mississippi River

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's famous speech calling for unity and freedom

Surrender at Appomattox

Lee surrenders to Grant; war ends

Assassination of Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln at Ford's Theatre

The Democratic Review

Journal by O'Sullivan that coined 'Manifest Destiny'

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel

12 Years a Slave

Memoir by Solomon Northup about his time as a slave

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended Mexican-American War, gave U.S. land

Compromise of 1850

CA free state, Fugitive Slave Act, popular sovereignty in NM and UT

Fugitive Slave Act

Forced citizens to return runaway slaves; denied fair trials

Conscription Act

First military draft in U.S. history

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared Confederate slaves free

Militia Act of 1862

Allowed Black men to serve in the military

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to anyone born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Gave Black men the right to vote

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. had the right to expand west

Anaconda Plan

Union plan to blockade South and take Mississippi River

Total War

War strategy to completely destroy enemy resources

Atlanta Campaign

Sherman's brutal march through Georgia, burning Atlanta

Californios

Elite Mexican ranchers in California

Forty-niners

Gold Rush settlers in 1849

Comanche and Apache tribes

Native tribes in the Southwest

Filibusters

Americans who tried to illegally take over foreign land

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery Missourians who interfered in Bleeding Kansas

Know-Nothing Party

Anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant party

Republican Party

New political party founded in 1854, anti-slavery expansion

Confederate States of America

11 Southern states that seceded

Union

Northern states fighting to preserve the U.S.

Border States

MD, DE, KY, MO - slave states that stayed in the Union

Contraband camps

Camps for escaped slaves who supported the Union

54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

Famous Black Union regiment

Sanford (1857)

Ruled Black people could not be citizens; upheld slavery

Thomas Jefferson

3rd U.S president, defeated John Adams as a Democratic-Republican

John Adams

2nd U.S president who was defeated by Thomas Jefferson later

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's running mate, killed Alex Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton

One of the founding fathers, iconic Federalist

Meriwether Lewis

One of the two people who went on the Voyage of Discovery

William Clark

Other man who went on the Voyage of Discovery

Sacagawea

Woman from Shoshone tribe who helped guide Lewis and Clark

Lieutenant Zebulon Pike

Led a group to explore the south portion of the Louisiana Territory (1806)

James Madison

Elected as US President in 1812

Andrew Jackson

Leader during War of 1812, future US President

Eli Whitney

Created the cotton gin

Samuel Slater

The father of the American Industrial Revolution

Robert Fulton

Created the Steam Engine Boat

Oliver Evans

Created the first high-pressure steam engine

James Monroe

American president from 1816-1824

James Hargreaves

Brought the idea of the Spinning Jenny to the U.S.

Henry Clay

One of the loudest voices that tried to unite America through the economy; created the American System

Dewhitt Clinton

Governor of NY during the prime Erie Canal

Francis Cabot Lowell

Mill owner in the textile industry, created the first integrated textile mill in Waltham, MA

Napolean Bonaparte

Leader of France who sold the territory of Louisiana to the United States

John Quincy Adams

Negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty, ran for president

Rachel Jackson

Jackson's wife, accused her of bigamy (adultery basically)

John C. Calhoun

Wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest, was Jackson's VP

Martin Van Buren

President that was left to deal with Jackson's economic mess (1837-1841)

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France to double the size of the US

Lewis and Clark's journey (Voyage of Discovery)

Journey to explore the newly acquired territory

First Barbary War (1801-1805)

War against Tripoli, barbary countries