Bio 121N: Exam 4 Review (Meiotic Division, Intro to Mendelian Genetics, Mendel's Monohybrid crossing experiments, Mendel's Principle of Inheritance)

___________________ enables the production of haploid gametes that are essential for reproduction to occur.

-Meiosis

________________ are sex cells.

-Gametes

______________ produces a supply of new cells necessary for growth, renewal, repair, and defense.

-Mitosis

________________ produces the genetically-variable gametes (sex cells) necessary for sexual reproduction.

-Meiosis

____________________ occurs between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis 1.

-Crossing over

During meiosis 1, the _____________ separates each pair of homologous chromosomes and delivers each pair of sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.

-spindle

________________________ can develop into gametes if they receive the proper signals.

-Haploid cells

________________________ can result in genetic disorders.

-Non-disjunction

________________ in our gametes is due to the failure of the

-Homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1

-Sister chromatid to separate during meiosis 2

-Aneuploidy

Meiosis Creates _______________________ Gametes.

-Genetically-Diverse

Why did Mendel investigate pea plants?

-Inexpensive

-Easier to maintain

-Rapid growth

-Relevant to agriculture and human nutrition

-Easy to mate and cross parents

___________ is the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

-Ploidy

_______________-1 complete sets of chromosomes

-Haploid

_________________-2 complete sets of chromosomes

-Diploid

________________-3 complete sets of chromosomes

-Triploid

___________________-4 complete sets of chromosomes

-Tetraploid

A ____________ is a location on a chromosome that regulates a specific trait and/or contains a specific gene.

-locus

The terms _______________ and ________________ are often used interchangeably.

-locus

-gene

____________ are different forms of one gene.

-Alleles

Each Allele:

-Has a ____________ nucleotide sequence

-Codes for _______________ genetic information

-unique

-different

Two alleles that an individual have at a specific gene are known as the individual's _______________________. __________________ cannot be seen.

-genotypes

-genotypes

_________________ are the measurable, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits of an individual that result from the complex interaction between the genotype and the environment of the individual.

-Phenotype

_________________ individuals have two copies of the same allele for a specific gene.

-Homozygous

_________________ traits are traits that remain constant after many generations of breeding between homozygous parents with this trait.

-True-Breeding

______________ individuals have two different alleles for a specific gene.

-Heterozygous

Heterozygous individuals inherited a different ____________ from each parent.

-allele

_________________________ enable the prediction of all possible:

-Genotypes of the gametes produced by each parent

-Genotypes of the offspring

-Phenotypes of the offspring when the genotype consists of a dominant allele and a recessive allele

-Punnett Squares

Chromosomes 1-22 are called ______________

-autosomes

X & Y chromosomes are called ______________________________.

-sex chromosomes

___________ chromosome determines sex.

-Y

__________________________________- Two alleles of each gene separate and each allele enters into a different gamete.

-Mendel's Law of Segregation

___________________________________________

-The two alleles of a gene enter gametes independently of the two alleles of other genes during meiotic cell division

-There can many alleles for one gene in a population. A good example of this is Human Blood Type

-Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

_________________ is a single gene that can affect more than one trait. This gene, or ________________ allele affects one or two more aspects of an individual's phenotype.

-Pleiotropy

-Pleiotropic

_____________________________

The two different alleles in the heterozygote

-Are both completely expressed in the phenotype

-Show a co-dominant relationship

-Co-Dominant alleles

________________________________

The two different alleles:

-are each partially expressed in the phenotype

-Result in a phenotype that is intermediate between both partners

-Incomplete dominance

________________ are cells that synthesize melanin.

-Melanocytes

We inherit mitochondria from our mother's egg, so the traits that are transmitted through ____________________________________ are:

-Always inherited from mom

-Never inherited from dad

-cytoplasmic inheritance

Males have one copy of the X-chromosome which makes them more susceptible to _______________________.

-Dominant in males

-Recessive in females

-X-linked disorders