PATHO CHAPTER 24

PATHO CHAPTER 24

Which cells come from the myeloid lineage?

Granulocytes + monocytes + RBCs + platelets

Lymphoid cells = ?

→ B cells + T cells

Main lymphoid tissues?

→ Lymph nodes + thymus + spleen

Why are WBCs constantly replaced?

→ Short life span

Leukopenia = ?

→ ↓ WBCs count

Neutropenia = ?

→ ↓ neutrophils

What does “-penia” mean?

Decrease/deficiency

Why is neutropenia dangerous?

Neutrophils are needed to fight bacterial and fungal infections

What may be the first signs of neutropenia?

→ Fever + chills + malaise + weakness

Neutropenic patient with fever = ?

→ Possible emergency infection

Causes of neutropenia?

→ Drugs + marrow disease + increased destruction

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

How is EBV/mononucleosis transmitted?

→ Saliva

What findings suggest infectious mononucleosis?

Fever + sore throat + lymph nodes + atypical lymphocytes

Main WBC cancers?

→ Lymphoma + leukemia + multiple myeloma

Hodgkin lymphoma key cell?

Reed-Sternberg cell

Hodgkin lymphoma starts where?

One lymph node/chain of nodes

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma key difference?

No Reed-Sternberg cells; often extranodal

Hodgkin B symptoms?

Fever + weight loss + night sweats + itching

How is Hodgkin lymphoma confirmed?

Lymph-node biopsy (Reed-Sternberg cells)

Leukemia = ?

Malignant blood-cell production in marrow

What are the two leukemia lineages?

Lymphocytic and myelocytic

Acute leukemia = ?

Rapid growth of immature blasts

Chronic leukemia = ?

Slower growth of more mature cells

What does ALL affect?

→ Lymphoid blasts

AML affects what cells?

Myeloid blasts

CLL affects what cells?

Abnormal mature B lymphocytes

CML linked to what?

Philadelphia chromosome/BCR-ABL

CML treatment goal?

Normal counts + ↓/absent BCR-ABL

ALL/AML remission marrow blast level?

Less than 5%

Strongest leukemia prognosis factor?

Age

Why does leukemia cause anemia/infection/bleeding?

Blasts crowd out normal marrow cells (RBCS, WBCS, platelets)

Acute leukemia warning signs?

Fatigue + pallor + infection + bruising + nosebleeds

Leukostasis = ?

Very high WBCs → poor small-vessel blood flow

Tumor lysis syndrome = ?

Rapid cell breakdown → metabolic emergency + hyperuricemia

Multiple myeloma = ?

Cancer of one plasma-cell clone

Multiple myeloma bone effects?

→ Osteoclast activation → bone destruction → fractures + hypercalcemia