(4)Study group Haem practical

What instrument is shown for obtaining bone marrow samples?

Jamshidi bone marrow needle.

What is the primary diagnostic use of a Jamshidi bone marrow needle?

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.

Name one indication for bone marrow examination.

Persistent or recurrent anaemia.

Name another indication for bone marrow examination.

Recurrent leucopenia.

Which fever may require bone marrow examination?

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO).

Which haematological malignancy commonly requires bone marrow examination?

Acute leukaemia.

Which bone marrow disorder is investigated with a Jamshidi needle?

Myelodysplasia.

What is the prognostic use of bone marrow biopsy?

Staging disease spread.

What are the common bone marrow aspiration sites in adults?

Posterior or superior iliac crest.

What site is commonly used for bone marrow aspiration in children according to the slide?

Sternum.

Mention one contraindication to bone marrow biopsy.

Severe bleeding tendency.

What platelet count is a contraindication to bone marrow biopsy according to the slide?

Platelet count below 10,000/µL.

Name another bone marrow aspiration needle.

Salah bone marrow aspiration needle.

Which needle is used for sternal aspiration?

Klima sternal needle.

Which solution contains antibodies used for blood grouping?

Antisera.

What is the major use of antisera?

ABO blood grouping.

What is another use of antisera?

Rh typing.

Why is compatibility testing performed before transfusion?

To ensure donor and recipient blood are compatible.

What does forward (cell) grouping detect?

Antigens on red blood cells.

What does reverse (serum) grouping detect?

Antibodies in the patient's serum.

What is another name for forward grouping?

Cell grouping.

What is another name for reverse grouping?

Serum grouping.

Which instrument is used to read packed cell volume manually?

PCV (haematocrit) reader card.

What does PCV stand for?

Packed Cell Volume.

What is another name for PCV?

Haematocrit.

What is the commonest cause of low PCV?

Blood loss.

Name an acute cause of low PCV.

Acute haemorrhage.

Name a chronic cause of low PCV.

Chronic blood loss.

Which nutritional deficiency causes reduced RBC production and low PCV?

Iron deficiency.

Which vitamin deficiencies reduce PCV?

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.

Which renal hormone deficiency causes low PCV?

Erythropoietin deficiency.

Which haemolytic disorder causes low PCV?

G6PD deficiency.

Which parasitic infection commonly lowers PCV?

Malaria.

Which haemoglobinopathy commonly lowers PCV?

Sickle cell anaemia.

Which purple-top bottle is commonly used in haematology?

EDTA bottle.

What is the anticoagulant in an EDTA bottle?

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

How does EDTA prevent clotting?

By binding (chelating) calcium.

Which test commonly uses EDTA blood?

Complete Blood Count (CBC).

Which blood film investigation uses EDTA blood?

Peripheral blood film.

Which red cell production test uses EDTA blood?

Reticulocyte count.

Which haemoglobin test uses EDTA blood?

Haemoglobin electrophoresis.

Which inflammatory marker test can be performed using EDTA blood?

ESR.

Which bottle is primarily used for serum collection?

Plain bottle.

What specimen does a plain bottle produce?

Serum.

Which iron investigation uses serum from a plain bottle?

Serum iron studies.

Which vitamin assays require a plain bottle?

Vitamin B12 and folate levels.

Which haemolysis marker is measured using serum?

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Which bilirubin fraction is used as a haemolysis marker?

Unconjugated bilirubin.

Which serum protein decreases in haemolysis?

Haptoglobin.

Which Coombs test uses serum?

Indirect Coombs test.

Which bottle is used for coagulation studies?

Sodium citrate bottle.

What is the anticoagulant in a citrate bottle?

Sodium citrate.

How does sodium citrate prevent clotting?

By binding calcium ions.

Which coagulation test uses citrate blood?

Prothrombin Time (PT).

Which coagulation test evaluates the intrinsic pathway?

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT).

Which coagulation monitoring test uses citrate blood?

INR.

Which fibrinolysis marker uses citrate blood?

D-dimer.

Which tubes are commonly used for microhaematocrit measurements?

Heparinized capillary tubes.

What is the major use of heparinized capillary tubes?

PCV measurement.

Which patient population commonly requires capillary tubes?

Neonates and paediatric patients.

Which instrument reads PCV from capillary tubes?

Microhaematocrit reader.

Which tile is commonly used for blood grouping?

Agglutination (porcelain) tile.

What is the function of a blood bag?

Collection and preservation of blood.

Name the different types of blood bags.

Single, double, triple and quadruple blood bags.

What is a single blood bag used for?

Whole blood collection.

What is a double blood bag used for?

Separation of packed cells and plasma.

What is a triple blood bag used for?

Separation of packed cells, plasma and platelets.

What is a quadruple blood bag used for?

Separation of packed cells, plasma, platelets and cryoprecipitate.

Which type of blood bag is commonly used in UCTH according to the slides?

Double blood bag.

In a double blood bag, which bag is the primary bag?

Bag A.

In a double blood bag, which bag is the satellite bag?

Bag B.

What is the commonest anticoagulant used in blood bags?

CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine).

What does CPDA stand for?

Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine.

What is the function of citrate in CPDA?

Chelates calcium and acts as an anticoagulant.

What is the function of dextrose in CPDA?

Provides energy for stored red blood cells.

What is the function of phosphate in CPDA?

Maintains red cell metabolism and 2,3-DPG levels.

What is the function of adenine in CPDA?

Improves the viability of stored red blood cells.