Study Sheet_ Systems in Action - Investigating Science and Technology 8
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33 Terms
System
A group of parts working together to perform a function.
Inputs
Energy, materials, or information that enter the system, such as fuel or electricity.
Outputs
The result or product of the system's function, like motion or heat.
Process
The transformation of inputs to produce an output.
Feedback
A loop within a system that adjusts performance based on the output.
Efficiency
A measure of how well a system converts input energy into useful output energy.
Energy
The capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
Work
The application of force over a distance.
Power
The rate at which work is done.
Force
A push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N).
Displacement
The movement from one point to another.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion.
Potential Energy
Stored energy due to position.
Chemical Energy
Stored in chemical bonds, such as food and fuel.
Electrical Energy
Energy from moving electrons.
Thermal Energy
Energy from the movement of particles.
Mechanical Energy
The total kinetic and potential energy in an object.
Nuclear Energy
Stored in the nucleus of an atom.
Contact Forces
Forces that require physical contact, like friction.
Non-Contact Forces
Forces that act at a distance, like gravity.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight
The force of gravity acting on an object, measured in newtons (N).
Work Formula
Work (W) = Force (F) × Distance (d).
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
A measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool.
Gear Ratio
The ratio of the number of teeth on two gears.
Torque
The product of force and the distance from the pivot point.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact.
Convection
Heat transfer in fluids.
Radiation
Heat transfer through waves without touching.
Simple Machines
Devices that reduce the amount of force needed to perform work.
James Joule
Scientist who studied energy and heat, leading to the unit 'joule (J)'.
Isaac Newton
Scientist who developed laws of motion and gravity.