AP Biology Exam Review

A set of flashcards for reviewing key concepts in AP Biology focused on DNA, RNA processing, transcription, translation, and genetic mutations.

What is the function of the TATA box in transcription?

The TATA box serves as a binding site for the transcription factor TATA-binding protein, aiding in the positioning of RNA polymerase II for transcription initiation.

Describe the outcomes of the Hershey-Chase experiment.

The experiment showed that DNA, labeled with 32P, was transferred into E. coli cells, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material responsible for transmitting genetic information.

How is mRNA processed in eukaryotic cells?

mRNA undergoes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to create a mature mRNA molecule after transcription.

Compare transcription and translation in terms of location and function.

Transcription occurs in the nucleus to synthesize RNA from DNA, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm to synthesize proteins from mRNA.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

The central dogma describes the process of genetic information flow from DNA to RNA to protein.

Describe the semiconservative concept of DNA replication.

The semiconservative concept states that each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

What are point mutations and how do they affect organisms?

Point mutations involve single nucleotide changes that can alter protein function, potentially affecting organism health or traits.

What types of mutations can occur and what are their impacts?

Mutations can include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations, which can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful effects on the organism.

What role do codons and anticodons play in translation?

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides on mRNA that specify amino acids, while anticodons are complementary sequences on tRNA that bind to codons during protein synthesis.

What happens during termination of transcription and translation?

Transcription termination occurs at terminator sequences releasing RNA polymerase, while translation termination occurs at stop codons (e.g., UAA, UAG) on the mRNA.