Unit 2 Summative AP Gov

sydgya

UNICAMERAL

power stems from one major entity eg. state to local

local govt serves national govt

BICAMERAL

same amount of power in two entities eg. federal and state

PRESIDENTIAL

checking power with power

PARLIAMENTARY

No automatic separation of powers between executive and legislative (and sometimes judicial)

UNITARY

all local governments are submissive to the national government b) Local governments can be altered or abolished by the national government c) Local governments have no final authority over any significant government activities d) Examples of unitary governments: France

FEDERAL

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states. delegated or enumerated powers. the powers explicitly granted to the national government by the constitution. National Supremacy Clause.

CONFEDERAL

local governments supreme and support national government

⅗ COMPROMISE

House of Representatives Apportionment: 3/5 Compromise

North wanted no representation for slaves

South wanted full representation

Slaves still wouldn't be able to vote

Congress could not prohibit slave trade before 1808

Fugitive Slave Clause

NEW JERSEY PLAN

Legislature selected by State legislatures

Representation by state

Senate

VIRGINIA PLAN

Legislature directly elected by people

Representation based on population

HoR

CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE

: HoR for big states and Senate for small states→ Bicameral Legislature

House of Representatives directly elected based on population

Senate two per state indirectly elected by state legislatures

Executive indirectly elected by electoral college selected by state legislatures

SEPARATION OF POWERS

between branches of the national government (legislative

enables each branch to check the others

joined with a system of checks and balances

Montesquieu

no 1 entity with supreme authority

CHECKS AND BALANCES

allow national institutions to check each others' powers (see How Things Work box)

AMENDMENT

change of text (addition

10th AMENDMENT

Anything not Enumerated or Implied belongs to the States

HABEAS CORPUS

the right to a fair trial

cannot arrest and imprison people without) but sometimes Congress can suspend it

EX POST FACTO LAW

cannot declare act illegal after commit or increase punishment after crime committed.

BILL of ATTAINDER

cannot declare guilt of person or group and punish

ENUMERATED POWERS

given to the national government exclusively

include power to print money

declare war

ELASTIC CLAUSE

necessary and proper clause

(grants to Congress implied powers to implement the Constitution's express powers if it is not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution)

IMPLIED POWERS

opposite of enumerated

COMMERCE CLAUSE

: gives congress the power to regulate foreign

INHERENT POWERS

any power which is acquired by the national government naturally because the government is a sovereign state.

RESERVED POWERS

given exclusively to the states

include power to issue licenses and to regulate commerce wholly within a state

CONCURRENT POWERS

shared by both national and state governments

include collecting taxes

building roads

JUDICIAL REVIEW

refers to the power of a court to review a statute

ANTI-FEDERALISTS

believed it allowed for 'implied' powers

Liberty could be secure only in small communities

States should have most of the power

A national governments should have explicit restrictions

Explicit Rights

Strong State Govts

Strict Interpretation

10th Amendment

11th Amendment

Nullification: states can declare a Federal law void if they believe it is unconstitutional

FEDERALISTS

supported judicial review

Implicit Rights

Strong Fed Govt

Loose InterpretationElastic Clause

Commerce Clause

Supremacy Clause

DUAL FEDERALISM

programs and authority are clearly divided among the national

both national and state governments are supreme in their own spheres

which should be kept separate

Example: interstate vs. intrastate commerce

MARBLE-CAKE FEDERALISM

cooperative

programs and authority are mixed among the national

state

BILL OF RIGHTS

The first ten amendments

PORK BARREL SPENDING

Earmarks (Pork) - spending amendments for specific purposes for a congressman's district

Log Rolling - trading votes to get earmarks amendments passed in budget bill

NULLIFICATION

states can declare a Federal law void if they believe it is unconstitutional

CATEGORICAL GRANTS

are for specific purposes defined by federal law

they often require local matching funds

BLOCK GRANTS

sometimes called special revenue sharing or broad-based aid) were devoted to general purposes with few restrictions—states preferred block to categorical grants

Operational (police) Capital (roads

infrastructure) Entitlement (welfare

DEVOLUTION

Attempt to give power and responsibility for decision-making back to the states

MANDATES

tells state governments what they must do

federal rules that states or localities must obey

generally have little or nothing to do with federal aid ( a) Civil rights b) Environmental protection)

may also make it difficult for state/local governments to raise revenues

borrow funds

some may expose them to financial liability

REVENUE SHARING

Distributed by formula derived from census statistics

MUNICIPAL CHARTER

(General Charter- what city CAN do (Enumerated for Local

ARTICLES (Be Productive So Fat Amy Stays Rad)

Article I→ Legislative Branch - Organizations

Article II → Executive Branch - Powers

duties

Article III → Judicial Branch - Powers

restraints

Article IV→ Relation of the states to each other and to the federal government

guarantees to the states

Article V→ Method of Amending the Constitution. Guarantee of equal representation of the states in the U.S. Senate

Article VI→ Provision for national debts. Supremacy of the United States Constitution

federal laws and treaties. Pledge of national and state officials to uphold the constitution. No religious test required as qualification for public office

Article VII→ Method for ratification of the Constitution

(Be Productive So Fat Amy Stays Rad)

Bicameral congress Presidency Supreme Court Federalism Amendments Supremacy Clause Ratification

FEDERALIST 10

written by James Madison

FEDERALIST 51

addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government.

BRUTUS 1

was the pen name of an Antifederalist in a series of essays designed to encourage New Yorkers to reject the proposed Constitution. Brutus 1 basics (8) -new constitution gives the federal government WAY too much power. -country is too large to be managed.

MARBURY v MADISON

Federal Judiciary may declare Federal laws unconstitutional

McCULLOCH v MARYLAND

The US Constitution is Supreme Law

The Federal government is supreme within its sphere

The US Supreme Court can rule on the Constitutionality of state laws

The 'Elastic' clause of the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers to implement the Constitution's express powers if it is not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution

How does Federalism encourage experimentation?

states can experiment with different programs

Describe the facts and precedent of the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

**implied powers

What powers were found in McCulloch v Maryland which could be inferred from the specific powers listed in Article I?

In this case

What is the Supremacy Clause? How does it affect state and national laws?

Article VI