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Homestead Act
A law passed in 1862 that granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee if they improved the land and resided on it for five years, which spurred westward expansion.
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty
An 1867 agreement between the U.S. government and several Southern Plains tribes (including the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, and Southern Cheyenne) intended to bring peace and establish reservations on the Southern Plains.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
A treaty originally negotiated in 1851 and revised in 1868 between the U.S. and various Native American tribes (especially the Sioux) that set boundaries and promised peace, though later violated by U.S. expansion.
Treaty of Bosque Redondo
The 1868 treaty that forced the Navajo and Mescalero Apache to relocate to the Bosque Redondo reservation in New Mexico, resulting in a forced march and harsh living conditions.
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869, this railroad connected the eastern and western United States, revolutionizing transportation, commerce, and facilitating westward migration.
Grant’s Peace Policy
A policy initiated by President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) to reform Native American affairs by reducing military conflict and placing tribes on reservations under Christian supervision.
Panic of 1873
A severe economic depression starting in 1873 caused by railroad overexpansion and speculative investments, leading to widespread bank failures and unemployment.
Battle of Little Big Horn
The 1876 battle in which combined forces of the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho defeated General Custer’s troops, symbolizing a major Native American victory.
Carlisle Indian School
Founded in 1879 in Pennsylvania, a boarding school designed to assimilate Native American children into Euro-American culture by erasing their indigenous identities.
Dawes Act
An 1887 law that divided Native American tribal lands into individual allotments, aiming to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society and break up communal landholding.
Battle of Wounded Knee
A massacre in 1890 in South Dakota where U.S. troops killed hundreds of Lakota Sioux, marking the tragic end of major Native American armed resistance in the Plains.
Standard Oil Launched
Founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870, Standard Oil became a dominant monopoly in the oil industry through aggressive business practices and horizontal integration.
Dwight L. Moody Revival
A series of influential religious revivals in the late 19th century led by evangelist Dwight L. Moody, which emphasized personal salvation and had a significant impact on American religious life.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Enacted in 1882, this federal law prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S., reflecting widespread anti-Chinese sentiment and racial discrimination.
Ellis Island Opens
In 1892, Ellis Island in New York Harbor began processing millions of immigrants, becoming the primary gateway for European immigrants into the United States.
Panic of 1893
A major economic depression starting in 1893, triggered by railroad overbuilding, falling crop prices, and a collapse in the gold market, leading to widespread unemployment and bank failures.
Wright Brothers First Flight
In 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first powered, controlled flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, marking the birth of modern aviation.
Henry Ford’s First Assembly Line
Introduced in 1913, Ford’s assembly line revolutionized manufacturing by significantly reducing production time and cost, making automobiles affordable for the masses.
Edison’s Light Bulb
Developed by Thomas Edison and perfected in 1879, the practical incandescent light bulb revolutionized indoor lighting and contributed to the spread of electricity.
Great Railroad Strike
A nationwide strike in 1877 triggered by wage cuts in the railroad industry, marked by widespread violence and federal intervention to restore order.
Haymarket Bombing
An 1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent when a bomb was thrown at police, leading to a crackdown on labor activists and anarchists.
The People’s Party
Also known as the Populist Party, this political movement in the 1890s advocated for economic reforms such as free silver, railroad regulation, and direct election of senators to support farmers and laborers.
Homestead Strike
A violent 1892 strike at Carnegie Steel’s Homestead plant in Pennsylvania, where conflict between strikers and Pinkerton guards highlighted the intense labor unrest of the period.
Coxey’s Army
A protest march in 1894 led by Jacob Coxey, composed of unemployed workers demanding government job creation and economic relief during a depression.
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine, legitimizing Jim Crow laws for decades.
NAACP Created
Founded in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was established to secure civil rights for African Americans through legal challenges and advocacy.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A 1911 industrial disaster in New York City where a fire in a garment factory killed 146 workers, leading to significant labor and workplace safety reforms.
Bread and Roses Strike
A 1912 textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, led by immigrant workers demanding better wages and working conditions, symbolizing the struggle for dignity and economic justice.
Colorado Miner’s Strike
A strike by coal miners in Colorado, culminating in events such as the Ludlow Massacre, where state militia attacked striking workers, highlighting the brutal conditions of industrial labor in the West.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union Founded
Established in 1874, the WCTU campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol, believing that temperance would improve societal conditions and protect families.
Exposé on Standard Oil
Investigative journalism, notably by Ida Tarbell, that exposed the monopolistic and often corrupt practices of Standard Oil, contributing to the public outcry for antitrust reforms.
Opening of Hull House
Founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago, Hull House was a settlement house that provided social services, education, and community support to immigrants and the urban poor.
McClure’s Magazine
An influential muckraking magazine in the early 20th century that exposed corruption and social injustices, playing a key role in the Progressive reform movement.
John Dewey’s School and Society
A seminal work by philosopher and educator John Dewey (published in 1915) that advocated for progressive educational reforms and the role of schools in preparing citizens for democracy.
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
A 1906 novel that exposed the unsanitary and inhumane conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry, leading to significant food safety reforms and public awareness of labor exploitation.
Federal Reserve System
Established in 1913, the Federal Reserve is the central banking system of the U.S., responsible for regulating monetary policy, stabilizing the economy, and serving as a lender of last resort.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Enacted in 1914, this law strengthened antitrust regulations by outlawing practices like interlocking directorates and protecting labor unions from being prosecuted as monopolies.
Alfred T. Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
A 1890 book by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan that argued that a nation's strength depended on its naval power, influencing U.S. naval policy and imperialism.
Hawaii Annexation
The 1898 annexation of Hawaii by the United States, which extended American influence in the Pacific and marked a significant step in U.S. imperial expansion.
Spanish American War
A brief conflict in 1898 between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, establishing it as a global power.
Panama Canal Treaty
The agreements that led to the construction of the Panama Canal (completed in 1914), which facilitated global maritime trade and underscored U.S. strategic and economic interests in Latin America.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
An informal 1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that limited Japanese immigration without the need for formal legislation.
WWI Begins
The outbreak of World War I in 1914, a global conflict that reshaped international relations and had significant domestic impacts in the United States.
Lusitania
A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, an event that shifted public opinion and contributed to the U.S. entering World War I.
Treaty of Versailles
The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and establishing the League of Nations, though the U.S. Senate ultimately rejected it.
Roosevelt Corollary
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine articulated by Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, which asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American affairs to stabilize the region.
Dollar Diplomacy
A policy promoted by President William Howard Taft that used American economic power to extend influence abroad, particularly in Latin America and East Asia.
