manifestation of respiratory disease

reflex response to irritation in UPPER respiratory tract to try and remove irritant (associated with inflammation or foreign material)

sneezing

irritation caused by nasal discharge from inhaled irritants with inflammation or foreign material in LOWER respiratory tract

coughing

yellow green cloudy thick mucous sputum indicates

bacterial infection

rusty or dark sputum indicates

pneumococcal pneumonia

large amounts of purulent sputum with foul odor is associated with

bronchiectasis

thick, tenacious mucus sputum is from what conditions

asthma or cystic fibrosis

think, tenacious with blood mucus sputum is from what conditions

chronic cough, tumor, or tuberculosis

hemoptysis (and what is it associated with)

blood tinged (bright red) frothy sputum associated with pulmonary edema

normal breathing rate

eupnea

Deep rapid respirations—typical for acidosis; may follow strenuous exercise

**trying to expel CO2

kussmauls respirations

labored respiration or prolonged inspiration or expiration is often associated with an obstruction of

obstruction of airways

wheezing or whistling sounds indicate an obstruction here

obstruction in small airways

stridor (and what does it indicate)

high pitched crowing noise

usually indicates upper airway obstruction

cessation of breathing

apnea

hyperpnea

increase in depth and rate of breathing

bradypnea and tachypnea

slow and fast breathing but with normal rhythm

periods of apnea with irregular shallow breaths of equal depths

ataxic breathing

long, gasping inspiratory phase followed by a short, inadequate expiratory phase

apneusis

long, ineffective expiratory phase with shallow, increased respirations

obstructed breathing

Periodic breathing associated with periods of apnea, alternating regularly with a series of respiratory cycles; the respiratory cycle gradually increases, then decreases in rate and depth

cheyne stokes respiration

light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds with serous secretions

rales

deeper or harsher breathing sounds from thicker mucus

rhonchi

nonaeration or collapse of lungs

absence

Subjective feeling of discomfort

May be caused by increased carbon dioxide or hypoxemia

Often noted on exertion, such as climbing stairs

dyspnea

signs of severe dyspnea of respiratory distress

flaring nostrils, using accessory resp. muscles, retract muscles between or above ribs

when does orthopnea occur and with what position

lying down

caused by pulmonary congestion

sudden acute type of dyspnea common in patients with left sided congestive heart failure

paroxysmal noctunal dyspnea

bluish coloring of skin and mucous membranes caused by large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood

cyanosis

what causes pleural pain

inflammation or infection of parietal pleura

soft sound produced as rough, inflamed, or scarred pleural move against each other

friction rub

what is clubbed digits

painless, firm, fibrotic enlargement at the end of the digit

what do clubbed digits result from

chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases