Chapter 6

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions necessary to maintain life

Catabolism

The breakdown of molecules

Anabolism

The building of molecules

Coenzyme/cofactor

A compound that helps an enzyme usually a vitamin or a mineral

Oxidoreductases

Cause losses or gains of O and H

Transferases

Transfer functional groups

Hydrolases

Split bonds with water

Lyases

Remove atoms without water

Isomerases

Rearrange molecules

Ligases

Join molecules

Effects of temperatures and pH on enzymes

Increase in temperature speeds enzymes to a point then denaturation occurs a decrease in temperature slows enzymes

Competitive enzyme inhibitors

Bind reversibly to the active site

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

Going to another spot called the allosteric site can be reversible or irreversible

Adenosine Triphosphate

A nucleic acid that is broken down to release energy

Photosynthesis

Uses sunlight and water to create energy; Light causes electrons and chlorophyll to excite from normal orbit and fall down to release energy

Aerobic respiration

The breakdown of glucose with plenty of oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

The breakdown of glucose with little oxygen

In photosynthesis water is split into

Electrons: to replace lost ones

Oxygen: released into the air

Hydrogens: flow across membranes, releasing energy that is used to make more ATP

Oxidation of glucose equation

C6+H12+O6→ 6CO2+6H20+38 ATP

Glycolysis

Begins with a glucose then the phosphates are added; the molecule is then rearranged and split in half forming pyruvic acid or pyruvate

Krebs cycle

Begins with pyruvic acid and joins with coenzyme a to form acetyl-CoA this then joins with oxaloacetic acid to form citrus acid, then various reactions occur to end up with oxaloacetic acid, CO2, NADH, and FADH2

Electron transport system

NADH and FADH2 molecule split releasing H+ and electrons. Electrons are passed through proteins while hydrogen flow across membranes, releasing energy. The released energy is used to make ATP while the hydrogens and electrons join with oxygen to form water

Fermentation

A lack of oxygen causes pyruvate to be converted into acids or alcohols, most commonly lactic acid or ethanol

Lipid breakdown

Triglycerides are broken into glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol can enter the Krebs cycle and fatty acids go through beta oxidation where they are broken into two carbon fragments then those fragments enter the Krebs cycle

Protein breakdown

Proteins broken into individual amino acids than amine group is removed

Then two carbon fragment enters the Krebs cycle