clinical psychology

abnormal psychology

study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

clinical psychology

applied field of psychology that sees to assess, understand, and treat psychological conditions

psychologist

cant perscribe meds, supports through psychotherapy

psychiatrist

can perscribe meds, identify disorders, and works in hospitals

psychopathology

study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences

etiology

study into the root causes of a psychological disorder

four D’s

way to determine abnormal behavior; abnormal behavior is typically deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, and / or dangerous

deviant Four D’s

different, extreme, unusual, bizarre behaviors

distressing Four D’s

feeling pain and discomfort from behvaiors

dysfunctional Four D’s

interfering with their ability to conduct daily activities

dangerous Four D’s

hostile, careless, or risky behaviors. exception rather than rule

diagnostic labels positives and negatives

\+help healthcare workers to communicate about therapy and causes

\- labels can determine how people perceive and react to a person

insanity

**legal term** pertaining to a defendants ability to know right from wrong __when crime is committed__

medical/biological model

theorizes that abnormal behavior is caused by malfunctions in genetics or chemical imbalances

psychodynamic model

theorizes that abnormal behaviors are caused by repressed or unconscious memories of childhood trauma and unconscious conflicts

behavioral model on disorders

theorizes that abnormal behavior is the product of past learning; like any other behavior

cognitive model on disorders

theorizes that abnormal behavior results from maladaptive ways of thinking

eclectic

most psychologists use **multiple approaches** to discover causes of abnormal behavior. somatic-cognitive or cognitive-behavioral

humanistic model on disorders

theorizes that abnormal behavior rooted in a person’s feelings, self-esteem, and self-concept

stigma

societal disapproval and judgment of a person with mental illness. stereotypes discrimination. causes refusal to seek help, isolation, and distorted perception of mental illness

generalized anxiety disorder

constant low-level **anxiety** in almost all situations and worry about everything. exaggerated arousal of ANS.

panic disorder

**anxiety** disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks. acute symptoms short in duration, tend to increase in frequency

specific phobia

intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli. contact with feared object or situation results in **anxiety**

agoraphobia

fear of public situations, specifically where escape might be difficult. ANXIETY DISORDER

Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD

anxiety disorder rooted in obsessions and compulsions. **intrusie thoughts**

obsessions

repetitive and intrusive thoughts

compulsions

repetitive behaviors

hoarding disorder

difficulty parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save items

PTSD

trauma rooted anxiety disorder. victims re-experience traumatic event through nightmares and **flash**backs. **flash**bulb memory

comorbidity

presence of more than one disorder

bipolar disorder

mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania

rapid cycling

short periods of mania followed almost immediately major depression

major depressive disorder

intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy. min of 2 weeks

psychotherapy

doctor working with patient to identify a problem and develop positions. **talking and thinking**

behavior therapy

get rid of unwanted ‘behavior’ and replace it with more adaptive behavior through conditioning. action based

flooding; behavior therapy

exposing people to fear intensely and rapidly

Joseph wolpe

developed systematic desensitization; conditioning association of relaxation with once feared thing on their hierarchy of anxieties

systematic desensitization; BT

client creates a list of fears and pairs relaxation techniques to them when exposed. conditioning association of relaxation with fear. joseph wolpe

aversion therapy; behavioral therapy

pairing an undesirable behavior with unpleasent consequence will reduce or stop the behavior. antabuse and alcohol

token economy; BT

relies on reinforcment to modify behavior. token earned for good behavior. money or coupon

biofeedback

using visual or auditory feedback to gin control over involuntary bodily functions

cognitive behavioral therapists

emotions come from **thought processes**. negative feelings come from distorted thoughts

cognitive distortions

automatic and irrational perceptions of the world that contribute to negative feelings

disqualifying the positive; cognitive distortion

not counting good things that have happened. ‘that doesnt count’

emotional reasoning; cognitive distortion

assuming that b/c we feel a certain way that it must be true

labelling; cognitive distortion

assigning labels to ourselves or oters. ‘im a loser’

all or nothing; cognitive distortion

black and white thinking

personification; cognitive distortion

blaming your self for things

magnification; cognitive distortion

blowing things out of proportion

rational emotive behavior therapy REBT

albert ellis. bringing clients attention to unhealthy beliefs or unrealistic thoughts. **directly** challenges thoughts

Aaron Becks cognitive therapy

what we think affects how we feel, what we feel affects what we think and do, what we do affects how we think and feel. negative thoughs=hypotheses to be tested through systematic desensitization or exposure

somatic symptom disorder

when a person is fixated on physical symptoms to the point where their emotional health is affected

illness anxiety disorder

fear of **getting a disease**, not the symptoms of a disease

conversion disorder

loss of bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs/limbs. unexplained temporary or permanent paralysis.

dissociative disorder

a disruption causing inconsistencies in conciousness, may cause memory loss of change in identity

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory from traumatic event or period of time that is too painful to remember

dissociative fugue

forget about personal identities and details of past life. must travel to a new location. **travel and loss of self**

dissociative identity disorder DID

at least two distinct identities or personalities in one person

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder that impacts perception of reality. **delusions** and hallucinations

delusions of reference

schizophrenia. belief that hidden messages are being sent to you

delusions of grandeur

schizophrenia. belief that you are someone powerful or important. have powers

delusions of persecution

schizophrenia. belief that spies, aliens, or the gov is after you

inappropriate effect

schizophrenia. emotions are unsuited to the situation

catatonia

schizophrenia. pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms. stupor, rigidity, posturing

stupor

schizophrenia catatonia. stop responding to environment

rigidity

schizophrenia catatonia. rigid, upright, posture or hours and resisting efforts to move

posturing

schizophrenia catatonia. awkward bizarre positions for long periods of time

flat affect

schizophrenia. emotionless state. monotone voice

avolition

emotionless state. apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

dopamine hypothesis

schizophrenia is purely a disease of the brain. high levels of dopamine may be a cause

diathesis stress model

people inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases risk of getting schizophrenia

neurodevelopmental disorder

disorders caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, etc.

ADHD

inability to focus attention, overactive, and impulsive behavior. difficult to assess

autism

extreme unresponsiveness to others, communication issues, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors. scale from high functioning to severe

intellectual disability

intellectual functioning well below average. below 70 IQ. mental retardation

neurocognitive disorders

primary problem is in cognitive function. problem solving and perception

delirium

rapidly developing disturbance in attention. state of massive confusion

alzheimers

degenerative disease. brain neurons progressively die; loss of memory. brain disintegrates

personality disorders

maladaptive behavior and thought patterns that are troublesome to others, harmful, illegal. DO NOT experience delusions, anxiety, depression, or psychosis

cluster A personality disorders

‘weird’. behaviors of seen in schizophrenia; minus delusions

paranoid personality disorder

cluster A of personality disorders. ‘accusatory’. distrust and suspicious about other peoples motives. others are out to harm them

schizoid personality disorder

cluster A of personality disorders. ‘aloof’, persistent avoidance of relationships and unemotional. cold and alone

schizotypal personality disorder

cluster A of personality disorders. ‘awkward’. discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking, avoid intimacy

cluster B of personality disorders

‘wild’. dramatic, emotional, errotic behaviors

antisocial personality disorder

cluster B of personality disorders. disregard for and violation of other peoples rights. remorseless and manipulative. psychopath. almost untreatable

borderline personality disorder

cluster B of personality disorders. repeated instability in relationships, self image, and mood. always in conflict with the world. manipulative bf threatening suicide

histrionic personality disorder

dramatic and attention seeking. exaggerate illness, overreact, and inappropriately seductive

narcissistic personality disorder

need for admiration, lack of empathy, self absorbed

cluster c of personality disorders

‘worried’. anxious or fearful

avoidant personality disorder

cluster c of personality disorders. discomfort and restraint in social situations. anxious and fearful

dependent personality disorder

cluster c of personality disorders. clingy and obedience. fear of seperation, need to be taken care of. needy

obsessive personality disorder

cluster c of personality disorders. intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control. perfetionist

eating disorders

abnormal eating habits; insufficient or excessive food intake

body dysmorphia

increasing misperception of being ugly/fat despite evidence to the contrary. obsession or hyperfixation over body

compulsive overeating

binge eating. eating alot in a short period of time and then purging

trephing

‘tretment’. holes are drilled into a persons skull in order to release demonic spiritd thought to be causing disordered behavior

hippocrates

believed that abnormal behavior was a disease arising from internal physical problems; first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior

asylums

an institution that first became popular in the 1700’s to provide care for people with mental disorders

philippe pinel

french physician. argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. brought reform to mental institutions

dorothea dix

made humane care a public political concern in the US