Early English Colonization, Key Figures, and Colonial Foundations

Richard Hakluyt

1584 book convinces Queen Elizabeth I and Parliament to begin English Colonization of New World.

When did King Henry VIII reign?

1509 to 1547

What significant action did King Henry VIII lead England to take?

Break away from the Roman Catholic Church

What church did King Henry VIII establish?

Church of England

Who was the successor to Queen Elizabeth I of England?

King James I

What years did King James I reign?

1603-1625

What is the name of the Bible version named after King James I?

King James Version (KJV)

What was the first permanent English settlement?

Jamestown

Church of England=

Anglican Church- in America, Episcopal Church

Episcopal Church

in USA (Church of England, Anglican Church)

Protestant Reformation

In 1517 he created protestant reformation. Martin Luther lived from 1483-1546.

via media?

the middle way

Chesapeake Bay

(place to remember)

What was the first permanent settlement in the United States?

Jamestown, VA

In what year was Jamestown established?

1607

What percentage of English settlers in Jamestown were dead by 1616?

80%

Who was Jamestown named after?

King James I of England

Who is Virginia named after?

Queen Virginia

When was Jamestown, Virginia established?

1607

What crop was exported from Virginia in 1616?

Tobacco

What was the duration of servitude for many slaves in Virginia?

7 years

What significant event related to slavery occurred in Virginia?

Many slaves died before the time of servitude

James River

place to remember

Who did John Rolfe marry?

Pocahontas

What cash crop did John Rolfe suggest for export from Virginia?

Tobacco

In what year did John Rolfe begin tobacco production for export from Virginia?

1616

What impact did John Rolfe's tobacco production have on the Virginia colony?

It made the colony productive and viable.

"the starving time"

1608-1609

Pocahontas

married John Rolfe. Native American.

Powhatan Confederacy

term to remember

What is tobacco classified as?

Cash Crop

Who suggested the idea of tobacco production for export from Virginia?

John Rolfe

In what year did tobacco production for export begin in Virginia?

1616

What impact did tobacco production have on the Virginia colony?

It made the colony productive and viable.

Headright System

50 acres unclaimed land.

Indentured Servants

last 7 years

English religious dissenters= Puritans :)

non-separating, conformist- many

English religious dissenters= Pilgrims :(

separating, non-conformist- few

Pilgrims

person who is traveling for a religious journey, establish plymouth colony in 1620.

slavery and racism

many died in 1616 before their time of servitude (7 years) was complete.

Middle Passage

term to remember

Olaudah Equiano

term to remember

Plymouth Colony

created by the pilgrims in 1620 in eastern coast

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Pilgrims establish it in 1629-1630 in eastern coast

King Philip's War, background, causes

-Event from American History

Metacom(et)

sachem

Wampanoags

term to remember, native americans

sachem

a supreme political leader=Metacom(et)

Which tribes opposed the Wampanoags and Narragansetts?

Mohawk

In what year did the war involving Native American tribes in Southern England start?

1675

How long did the war involving Native American tribes in Southern England last?

14 months

What were the start and end months of the war involving Native American tribes in Southern England?

June to August

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, people, goods, and diseases between the Americas and Europe that dramatically transformed both regions.

What was the impact of new diseases in the Americas?

They devastated Native populations, wiping out entire civilizations.

How did new foodstuffs from the Americas affect Europe?

Nutrient-rich crops fueled a European population boom.

How did Spain gain an early advantage in the New World?

Wealth from the Aztec and Incan Empires strengthened the Spanish monarchy and gave Spain dominance over other nations.

Which nations competed with Spain for colonies in the New World?

Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England.

How did Native peoples respond to European arrivals?

With mixed reactions, ranging from cooperation to violent resistance.

What factors enabled Europeans to establish settlements in the Americas?

Epidemics that weakened Native populations and the possibility of new trading relationships.

When and why did Spain lose its dominant position in the Americas?

By the late 1600s, Spain's dominance declined as rival European nations challenged its power.

What was the Age of Colonization?

A period in the 16th-17th centuries when Europeans settled in the New World, leading to a major collision of cultures.

What motivated the founding of the New England colonies after 1620?

Both economic profit and religious goals, with Puritans dominating politics, religion, and culture.

Who were the Puritans?

A religious group seeking to purify the Church of England of Catholic practices, influenced by Calvinist doctrine.

What did the Puritans believe about salvation?

That humans were redeemed only by God's grace and that the fate of souls was predestined; the saved were called the Elect.

How did Puritans want to reform worship?

By simplifying services, removing ornate decorations, rejecting Catholic-like ceremonies, and emphasizing Bible reading.

How were Puritans stereotyped by their enemies?

As joyless killjoys, though they allowed alcohol and sex and believed they lived a balanced, godly life.

What was the Great Migration (1630-1640)?

The movement of about 20,000 Puritans to New England to form a godly community while still seeking to reform the Church of England.

What did John Winthrop mean by calling New England a "City on a Hill"?

He envisioned the colony as an exemplary godly community for reformers in England to follow.

Which colonies were founded by Puritans in the 1600s?

Plymouth (1620), Massachusetts Bay (1630), Connecticut (1636), and Rhode Island (1636).

What was the social structure of New England towns?

Settled by family groups of "middling sort" landholders; towns were governed by male property holders with broad involvement.

Why didn't plantation agriculture develop in New England?

The climate and soil were unsuitable, leading instead to small farms, shops, fishing, shipbuilding, and Atlantic trade.

What impact did the smallpox epidemic of the 1610s have on Native Americans?

It killed up to 90% of the population, weakening resistance and opening the way for English settlement.

What was a jeremiad?

A sermon lamenting New England's decline from its original Puritan ideals, often blaming younger generations.

How did religion in New England change by the 1700s?

Religious pluralism grew, weakening Puritan dominance, and holidays like Christmas, once banned, were celebrated.

What was the Puritan legacy in New England?

Although their utopian mission failed, Puritan values shaped New England's culture, politics, and society long afterward.

What was Richard Hakluyt's 1584 case for colonization?

A document urging Queen Elizabeth I to support English colonization by highlighting the many benefits colonies in the Americas could bring to England.

What was the main idea of John Winthrop's "City on a Hill" sermon (1630)?

That the Massachusetts Bay Colony should serve as a model Christian community and an example for the world.

How did Richard Hakluyt argue colonization would spread religion?

It would enlarge the gospel of Christ by spreading Protestantism and resisting Catholic influence.

What economic reason did Hakluyt give for colonization?

Colonies would provide the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, restore decayed trades, and create new markets for English goods.

How did Hakluyt say colonization would help England's unemployed?

It would employ "idle men," train them into useful workers, and absorb England's surplus population.

How did Hakluyt connect colonization to England's navy?

Colonies would increase revenue to support the navy and expand great shipping, the strength of the realm.

What did Hakluyt argue about Spain's power in the Americas?

Spanish cruelty made them hated by Native peoples, who might ally with the English; Spain's territories were weaker and smaller than claimed.

How did Hakluyt propose colonization would weaken Spain?

Colonies would bridle Spain's Indies, allow capture of Spanish ships, and prevent Spanish dominance through American treasure.

What territorial claim did Hakluyt make for England?

He argued England's title to North America (Florida to the Arctic Circle) was stronger than Spain's or any other European nation's.

How did Hakluyt address the Pope's authority over the New World?

He rejected Pope Alexander VI's Bull granting the Americas to Spain, calling it invalid.

Why did Hakluyt stress urgency in colonization?

England needed to plant colonies quickly before rival nations could seize the same opportunities.

What role did Hakluyt see for colonies in exploration?

They could serve as bases to search for the Northwest Passage to China and Cathay.

What phrase did John Winthrop use to describe the Massachusetts Bay Colony's example to the world?

"A city upon a hill," meaning all eyes would be watching their success or failure.

According to Winthrop, why did God create social differences (rich and poor, powerful and weak)?

To show His wisdom and power, to give opportunities to practice Christian virtues, and to bind people together in mutual need and affection.

What rule should govern the community in times of shared danger or need?

Greater generosity and less self-interest, sharing resources and supporting one another like the early Christian church.

What covenant did Winthrop say the colonists made with God?

They entered into a covenant to pursue godly purposes; if faithful, God would bless them, but if unfaithful, He would punish them severely.

What was the only way to avoid God's wrath, according to Winthrop?

To act justly, love mercy, walk humbly with God, and live in unity, self-sacrifice, and brotherly affection.

What warning did Winthrop give if the colonists failed in their covenant?

They would become a cautionary tale, a "by-word" among nations, bringing shame to God's people.

What biblical choice did Winthrop set before the colonists, echoing Moses?

To choose life by obeying God and His commandments, ensuring prosperity for themselves and their descendants.

What types of people settled in the American colonies?

Servants, enslaved laborers, free farmers, religious refugees, and powerful planters.

How did Native Americans experience the growth of colonial settlements?

They saw small settlements grow into large populations that monopolized resources and transformed the land.

How did labor and racial systems evolve in the colonies?

Fluid labor arrangements and racial categories gradually solidified into race-based, chattel slavery.

How did the North American mainland compare to Caribbean colonies economically?

It was initially marginal in wealth and output, overshadowed by the lucrative Caribbean sugar islands.

Despite being "backwaters," how were North American colonies connected?

They were deeply integrated into the larger Atlantic World, linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

How did events in Britain affect American colonists?

Civil war, religious conflict, and nation-building in Britain reshaped colonial societies across the Atlantic.