Geography Mid-Term

globe

a scale model of the earth

maps

a symbolic representation of all or part of the planet

cartographers

map makers

Great circle Route

a straight line of true direction on a globe

map projection

the image of a round Earth onto a flat surface

planar

a map projection that is most accurate at the center

cylindrical

a map projection that is most accurate at the center (shape of cylinder)

conic

a map projection that accurately shoes east to west areas near the Equator

grid system

a pattern of lines on a map or globe that determine exact locations on Earth’s surface

hemisphere

one of the halves that geographers divide the Earth into

latitude

lines that circle the Earth parallel to the Equator

longitude

lines that circle the Earth from Pole to Pole

Prime Meridian

line of longitude set at zero degrees

absolute location

a global address determined by the intersection of longitude and latitude lines

relative location

location of a place/object relative to another place/object

map key

lists and explains the symbols, colors, and lines used on the map; the legend

compass rose

indicates directions- north, south, east, west

boundary lines

highlight borders between different countries or states

capitals on a map

represented by star or circle

cities on a map

represented by dots

scale bar

shows relationship between map measurements and actual distances on Earth

scale

 a consistent, proportional relationship between measurements shown on a map and measurements of the Earth’s surface

physical maps

maps that show location and shape of Earth’s physical features

political maps

map that shows the boundaries and locations of political units, countries, states

thematic maps

maps focused on a kind of information or single idea

ecosystem

community of plants and animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings for survival

biodiversity

variation of lifeforms within an ecosystem

GIS

a software program used by cartographers that arranges a variety of data in a database and uses those data layers to produce maps

Delta

flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth

harbor

a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can anchor safely

tributary

small river or stream that flows into a large river or stream; branch of the river

geography

study of the Earth, our home, or anything that can be mapped

plateau

 area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about 300 to 3000 feet high

basin

area of land drained by a given river and its branches; area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations

* Location- where something is 
* Place- physical and human characteristics that make a location unique
* Regions- areas that share common characteristics
* Movement- explains how and why people and things move and are connected
* Human-environment interaction- relationship between people and their environment

5 themes of geography

planar projection

projection most accurate near center

cylindrical projection

projection most accurate near center but shapes and distances distorted near poles

conic projection

projection showing east to west areas not far from equator; distances and directions correct

Winkel Tripel Projection

most common projectionwith a good balance between size and shape of land areas; poles with little distortion of size and shape

Robinson Projection

sizes and shapes near eaestern and western edges accurate but polar areas flattened

Goode’s Interrupted Equal Area Projection

cut apart and laid flat; distances distorted

Mercator Projection

distorts size and distances the farther from Equator ; sea travel and accurate directions and shapes

small scale map

map that shows large area with little detail

large scale map

map that shows small area with great detail

GIS, software program used by cartographers that arranges a variety of data in a database and uses those data layers to produce maps

software program used by cartographers and how it works

Atheism

disbelief in any existence of God

secularism

belief that life’s questions can be answered apart from religious belief

monotheism

belief in one god

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

Buddhism, started by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

* taught dharma
* end suffering in world- Nirvana
* achieved by following Four Noble Truths
* follow Eightfold Path

religion created by Siddartha Gautama and about it

Christianity- Jesus Son of God- divine and human; Jesus Messiah;

* Bible
* Christ the Redeemer


* Bethlehem sacred site;


* Christmas, Good Friday, Easter


* Great Schism- divided into Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches; Protestant Reformation
* All united in belief in Jesus Christ

religion in one God and teachings of Jesus, and about it

* teachings of Confucius in China- ethical behavior, good government
* Social and political philosophy, education
* Relationships based on rank; higher care for lower, lower respect higher
* Analects- Confucius teachings; yin-yang is symbol; temple at Qufu is site; temples dedicated to Confucius

philosophy based on teachings of Confucius

Hinduism- oldest religion- one god in multiple divinities

* Brahma, Krishna, Shiva
* Reincanation, karma, dharma; Ganges River sacred site; Holi festival

oldest religion and about it

Islam- Muhummad; Qaran is sacred text; crescent moon symbol; Five pillars; Makkah is sacred site; Ramadan is fasting time 

* Judaism- first major religion to believe in one God; descendants of Abraham; Torah Sacred Text, Menorah and Star of David Symbols; Western Wall Sacred Site; Yom Kippur

religion of Islam and about it

Artisans

skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry

Heiroglyphics

earliest Egyptian form of writing “sacred writings”

city-state

basic units of Sumerian civilization

systematic agriculture

the keeping of animals and growing of food on a regular basis

silt

rich mud soil

pastoral nomads

people who overran settled communities and then created empires

Hieractic script

simple version of hieroglyphics used for business transactions and general needs of daily life

Theocracy

government run by religious beliefs

Cuneiform

system of writing using a reed stylus and wedges in clay tablets

bronze

the combination of copper and tin which made a hard metal

Ziggurat

massive stepped tower often which had a temple

Priest

people who supervised rituals to please the gods

Pharaoh

Egyptian monarch

Paleolithic Era

* Made stone tools–spears, Fish Hooks, nomads; main job of Paleolithic people was to find enough to eat and survive


* Use of fire–warmth, wild animals away, weapon, cooked food taste better and last longer, nutrition improved; flintstone
* Heat during Ice Ages (100,000 B.C.- 8000 B.C.)
* Art such as Lascaux caves and Chauvet Caves of animals

The Old Stone Age and about it

2,500 B.C. - 10,000 B.C.

paleolithic age dates

Neolithic Era--Neolithic Revolution

* Real change in Neolithic Revolution- shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to keeping of animals and growing of food on a regular basis- systematic agriculture
* no longer nomadic
* meat, milk, wool

About Neolithic Era

hominid

humanlike creatures that walked upright

* Australopithecus- Donald Johansen
* Homo Habilis- Louis and Mary Leakey- stone tools
* Homo Erectus- upright human- first arms and legs in human proportions; first humans to leave Africa
* Homo Sapiens- rapid brain growth; mastered fire
* Homo Sapiens Sapiens- wise, wise human- spread out of Africa to other parts of world-
* Out-of-Africa theory- replaced Neanderthals

5 stages of hominid and about them

Pharaoh, upper class (nobles, priests), Middle Class (merchants, artisans, scribes, tax-collectors), Lower class (farmers, peasants, slaves)

Ancient Egypt Class structure

Israelites and Judaism

* Old Testament Hebrew Bible; Abraham ancestor


* King David established control for Israelites, then King Solomon (reached height of power)
* Divided into Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah; Assyrians overran empire
* Chaldeans defeated again, destroyed Jerusalem, Babylonian exile; Persians allowed them to return 

About the Israelites and Judaism

monotheistic

Why Judaism different from other religions at the time

Phoenicians: lived eastern coast of Mediterranean Sea

* Trade basis of prosperities; great international sea traders
* Purple dye, glass, lumber produced
* Carthage was famous colony; best known for alphabet which passed on to Greeks and Romans

About the Phoenicians

Minoans: established on island of Crete

* Palace complex revealed rich culture; traded potter, gold, silver jewelry
* Knossos palace complex; collapse because of volcanic eruption/invasion?

About the Minoans

warmth, protection, cooked food taste better and more nutritious

How fire changed civilizations

monsoon

seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia

Sanskrit

Indo-European language

aristocracy

upper class whose wealth is land-based and who passses power from one generation to the next

filial piety

the concept that the duty of the family members was to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family

cycle

series of events that recur regularly and usually lead back to the starting point

obsidian

a volcanic glass that was prized in Mesoamerica and used in tools, as mirrors, and to make weapons

ritual

religious ceremony or rite

empire

a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples of territories

patriarchal

men dominate society

chariot

horse-drawn vehicles used by Egyptian soldiers when they copies the Hyksos

expedition

a journey taken for a specific purpose

satrapy

provinces in Persia

monarchy

government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen

satrap

governor of satrapies

sustained

supported or held up

Olmec- rubber people

* Large cities centers for economic activities and religious rituals
* Oldest city- San Lorenzo; colossal stone heads
* Declined and collapsed–ballgame passed onto Mayans

first of the oldest cities in America and about it

Monte Alban

center of Zapotec civilization

Teotihuacán

* temples and palaces
* Pyramid of the Sun
* Busy center for trade, famous for OBSIDIAN tools–traded for feathers, shells

First major city in Mesoamerica and about it

Caral

oldest major city in the Americas

Chavin people

* used silver and gold

The civilization that had a temple with stone and ceremonial complex

* Huang He River and Chang Jiang River cultivated river valleys to produce a food-producing area of antiquity (rest is mountains and deserts, monsoons)
* Farming society ruled by an aristocracy (upper class whose wealth is land-based and who passes power from one generation to the next), major concern war
* Anyang capital city
* divided into Territories led by aristocratic military leaders
* Oracle bones to communicate with gods; life after death, worshiped ancestors
* Mastery of BRONZE CASTING

Developments of Shang Empire

* Exploited use of iron weapons and established empire
* Internal strife was downfall; well organized empire
* Local officials directly responsible to king
* Network of STAGING POSTS established throughout empire that used relays of horses to carry messages effective military leaders; deployed troops
* Army well organized–force of infantrymen–first to be equipped with iron weapons–waged guerrilla warfare–TERROR as instrument of warefare–siege warefare
* Ashurbanipal established one of world’s first libraries at Nineveh

Developments of Assyrian Empire