Sir John Everett Millais, The North-West Passage

Which canal enables ships to pass through the narrowest point of Central America?

The Panama Canal

What is the Northwest Passage?

A route that would enable the British to sail North, over Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Before the Panama canal, how did the British reach the Pacific ocean?

The traversed the harsh waters of Cape Horn, on the tip of south america

Why did the British spend years searching for the Northwest Passage?

It would allow them to buy goods from Asia

Which tribe spread oral stories of a water route to the Pacific that could be traversed by canoe?

The Inuit

Who was the first British Explorer to search for the Northwest Passage?

Martin Frobisher, in the 1570s

When did Martin Frobisher set sail to find the Northwest Passage?

In the 1570s

How many failed voyages to the Arctic did Martin Frobisher make?

3 failed voyages

Where was Sir John Everett Millais born?

Southampton (English Port) in 1829

How old was Sir John Everett Millais when he was accepted into the Royal Academy of Art?

11 years old

At the age of 11, Sir John Everett Millais was the youngest student to be accepted into which school?

The Royal Academy of Art

When did Sir John Everett Millais make his debute at his academy’s annual exhibition?

in 1846

What work did Sir John Everett Millais showcase for his first exhibit at the academy?

Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru

What group did Millais form with 2 other students, that rejected the teachings of the academy?

The Pre-Raphaelites

Who were the original members/creators of the Pre-Raphaelites? (trio)

John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, and Gabriel Rossetti

What was the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’s goal?

To return art to a time before the “High Renaissance” embodied by Raphael Sanzio

Why did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood reject the Renaissance?

The art was to formulaic and idealistic (Showed things as perfect, instead of realistic)

What Renassance painting techniques did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood reject?

Linear perspective and Renaissance proportion

What painting techniques did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood champion?

Attention to minute detail and use of saturated color

What did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood pledge to do as part of their rejection of idealism?

They pledge to pay close attention and represent things as they appeared (regardless of deformity)

When did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood have their first exhibition?

In 1848

What did critics dislike about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’s art work?

Its awkward, flat-looking figures unsual color choices, and unidealized details (such as dirty fingernails)

Who was the most influential art critic of the 19th century (1800s)?

John Ruskin

Which art movement gained John Ruskin’s support?

The Pre-Raphaelite movement

Within how many years of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’s exhibition, did they get a massive following?

Within 5 years

What is Millais’s most typical and well known art works?

Ophelia (1852)

Who painted Ophelia (1852)?

John Everett Millais

What art style is Ophelia (1852) painted in?

Pre-Raphaelite

How did Millais’s art work change over time?

It went from detailed, to a more brushy, loose style

In 1885, what title did Queen Victoria grant Millais?

Baronetcy (non-hereditary title)

Which queen granted Millais the title of Baronetcy in 1885?

Queen Victoria

In 1896, what was Millais elected president of?

The Royal Academy

What does the lemon in Northwest Passage represent?

A sailor’s need to replenish vitamin C

In Northwest Passage, above the man’s head is black and white print of whom?

Admiral Horatio Nelson

Who was Admiral Horatio Nelson?

A naval commander during the Napoleonic wars

What it the name of the British flag?

The Union Jack

In Northwest Passage, the man is looking away from a Portolan chart of what?

The Canadian coastline

In Northwest Passage, what is the girl assumed to be reading?

A maritime log

What does Northwest Passage express?

Family loss and worry, while referencing historical issues of empire and exploration

Where did Northwest Passage first debut?

The Royal Academy in 1874

Where is the 2nd exhibition that Northwest Passage was apart of?

The English art exhibition at the Paris World’s Fair

Which Gallery was the precurser to the Tate Gallery?

The National Gallery of British Art

Which Gallery acquired Northwest Passage?

The National Gallery of British Art, in 1897

Who said that Northwest Passage was “one of the defining images of British imperial heroism?”

Art Historian Alison Smith

Which British admiral sent the message “England expects that every man will do his duty” before the Battle of Trafalgar?

Admiral Horatio Nelson

In which battle did Admiral Nelson loose his life?

The battle of Trafalgar

How did the Battle of Trafalgar end?

With a major British victory

What is the name of the model who posed as the old mariner for the Northwest Passage?

Edward John Trelawney

Which major battle did Edward John Trelawney serve in?

The Battle of Trafalgar

What aspects of Northwest Passage set a patriotic tone?

The image of admiral Nelson along with flags in the upper right

What is the name of John Everett Millais’s son?

John Guille Millais

Who wrote about the Northwest Passage that “It expresses the desire that England should have the honor of finding the hidden passage in the North?”

Millais’s son John Guille Millais

In the 18th and 19th century, what was the name of the government responsible for the British royal navy?

The Admiralty

In 1845, the Admiralty lost contact with which famous explorer in a quest to find the Northwest passage?

Colonial administrator and explorer Sir John Franklin

What is the name of the 2 ships sent to find the Northwest passage, that got stranded in polar ice?

The HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror

How many men aboard the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror died?

All 129 of them

When was it discovered that all men aboard the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror died?

in 1854

What are some works inspired by the death of the Erebus and Terror crew members?

Man Proposes, God Disposes (1864), The Frozen Deep (1856), and The Captain of the Pole-Star.

Who created the artwork Man Proposes, God Disposes (1864)?

Edwin Landseer

What does Man Proposes, God Disposes (1864) depict?

Polar bears in the wreckage of a sailing ship

Who created the play The Frozen Deep based on the polar tragedy?

Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins

In 1883, who published the short horror story The Captain of the Pole-Star?

Arthur Conan

What is The Captain of the Pole-Star about?

A ship that becomes trapped in polar ice

Which 2 artists created Entering Lancaster Sound?

James Hamilton and John Sartain

What does Entering Lancaster Sound depict?

The U.S. Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in 1853

In The North-West Passage, what does the frame photo of a ship in ice represent?

The dangers of the Admiralty’s mission of global expansion

What was the Royal Academy’s catalogue entry for The North-West Passage?

“It might be done, and England should do it.”

Who led the expedition that set out in 1875, whose crew members got to meet Millais?

Sir George Nares

When did the first non-Inuit person navigate the North-West channel?

in 1905

Who ended up being the first non-Inuit person to navigate the North-West Passage?

Norwegian Roald Amundsen