Plant and Cell Architecture Lecture Review

From which Latin word is the term "cell" derived, and what does it mean?

It is derived from the Latin cella, meaning "storeroom" or "chamber."

Who first used the term "cell" in biology in $1665$ after observing cork under a microscope?

The English scientist Robert Hooke.

How is the diversity of plant sizes described in terms of height?

Plants range in size from less than $1\,\text{cm}$ tall to greater than $100\,\text{m}$.

What is the scientific definition of Plant Physiology?

The branch of science that deals with plant functions, including plant growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

What are the two categories of seed plants and how do their names differ by meaning?

Gymnosperms (meaning "naked seed") and angiosperms (meaning "vessel seed").

What are the three vegetative organs that compose the basic body plan of a seed plant?

The leaf, the stem, and the root.

Which specific layer of the leaf is responsible for the majority of photosynthesis due to its high chloroplast count?

The palisade layer, which contains approximately $70\%$ of the chloroplasts per cell.

What is the function of the loose arrangement of spongy cells in the mesophyll?

It is ideal for gaseous exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis.

Which waxy substance coats the epidermis to help with water retention?

Cuticle, which is made up of cutin and wax.

What are the three specialized types of cells found in the plant epidermis?

Guard cells, trichomes (epidermal hairs), and root hairs.

Which ground tissue provides support in growing regions and is characterized by unevenly thickened primary walls?

Collenchyma.

Which type of ground tissue is "dead at maturity" and reinforced with lignin for support?

Sclerenchyma (including sclereids and fibers).

What are the two major types of water-conducting cells found in xylem?

Tracheids and vessel elements.

What are the conducting elements of the phloem called?

Sieve elements, which include sieve cells (mostly in gymnosperms) and sieve tubes (in angiosperms).

What is the fluid-mosaic model of biological membranes?

The model describing membranes as a phospholipid bilayer in which various proteins are embedded.

What is the site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus?

The nucleolus.

Which organelle serves as the major site for lipid synthesis and membrane assembly?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ($\text{ER}$).

What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cell wall formation?

It synthesizes non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides, such as hemicellulose and pectin.

What percentage of a mature plant cell's volume can the central vacuole occupy?

$80$ to $90\%$ of the total volume.

Where are the enzymes for the Krebs cycle located within the mitochondria?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What are the three types of leucoplasts and what specific materials do they store?

Amyloplasts (starch), elaioplasts (lipids), and proteinoplasts (crystalline bodies of proteins).