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Emotion
A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience resulting from one's interpretations.
James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotions occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus
The brain's pathways for emotion, including the high road (sensory input routed to the cortex for analysis) and the low road (sensory input routed directly to the amygdala for an instant emotional reaction).
Embodied Emotion
The connection between emotions and the autonomic nervous system, which mobilizes the body for action in times of crisis.
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness.
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
Personal Control
Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
Social Support
The importance of having genuine caring relationships to combat social isolation and improve well-being.
Social support
The presence of close relationships that provide emotional and practical assistance, which can enhance immune functioning.
Open heart therapy
The act of confiding in others within close relationships, which can provide a therapeutic effect.
Aerobic exercise
Sustained physical activity that improves heart and lung fitness, reduces stress, depression, and anxiety.
Relaxation and meditation
Practices such as mindful meditation that involve attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.
Mindfulness
A state of reflective awareness that strengthens connections among brain regions and calms brain activation in emotional situations.
Faith communities and health
Belonging to a religious community can provide social support and promote healthy behaviors.
Positive emotions
Emotions such as happiness, joy, and excitement that contribute to overall well-being.
Core affect
The basic dimensions of emotion, including valence (positive to negative) and arousal (activation to deactivation).
Theories of emotion
Different perspectives on the relationship between physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and emotional feelings.
Neural systems
Brain structures such as the insula, hippocampus, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex that are involved in processing and experiencing emotions.
Neural pathways
Different routes of information processing in the brain that contribute to the experience of emotions.
Neural correlates of basic emotion
Patterns of brain activation observed through fMRI that distinguish different emotions.
Influencing emotion
Factors such as perception, attention, physiology, feelings, behavior, and regulation that can impact emotional experiences.
Display rules
Cultural norms and expectations regarding how and when to express emotions.
Gender and expressiveness
Differences in emotional expression and perception between men and women.
Nonverbal expression
Communication of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, postures, and other nonverbal cues.
Nonverbal leakage
Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior.
Body language and gestures
Nonverbal cues such as posture, illustrators, manipulators, and emblems that convey emotions.
