Oscillations and SHM
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11 Terms
displacement
The distance from the equilibrium position
amplitude
The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position
period
The time taken to complete one full oscillation
frequency
Number of complete oscillations per unit time
angular frequency
The angular frequency of an oscillating object is given by the equations 𝜔 = 2𝜋 / T = 2𝜋f where T is the period of oscillation and f is the frequency
simple harmonic motion
Motion in which the acceleration is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position, and always acting towards the equilibrium position
free oscillations
When a mechanical system is displaced from its equilibrium position and then allowed to oscillate without any external forces, its motion is referred to as free oscillation
natural frequency
The frequency of free oscillations is known as the natural frequency of the oscillator.
forced oscillations
A forced oscillation is one in which a periodic driving force is applied to an oscillator. In this case the object will vibrate at the frequency of the driving force (the driving frequency)
damping
An oscillation is damped when an external force that acts on the oscillator has the effect of reducing the amplitude of its oscillations (e.g. a pendulum moving through air experiences air resistance, which damps the oscillations until eventually the pendulum comes to rest).
resonance
Occurs when the driving frequency of a forced oscillation is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillating object. At resonance the amplitude of the oscillation increases considerably. If the system is not damped, the amplitude will increase to the point at which the object fails.