Practical exam #2

Auricles of the heart

They are flaps on top of the atria that extend when the atria fills up a lot with blood and needs extra space

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

Coronary arteries

Atrial septum

CABG stands for?

coroanry artery bypass grafting

• When plaque builds up in an artery they take a smaller blood vessel (vein or artery) and stitch it onto the healthy part of the artery to bypass onto another healthy part

Main diferences between fetal heat and blood flow

It’s 3 shunts

• Foramen Ovale (door between the atrias) where blood skips ventricles and jsut goes from atrium to atrium through this hole

• Ductus arterious (vessel connecting right atrium to the pulmonary artery), this is incase the blood slips from aorta into the ventricle so that blood goes back to circulation instead of lungs

• Ductus venousus: (connects umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava) allows for fresh oxygen from palcenta to bypass liver to heart and brain

Foramen ovale

door between the atriums where blood skips ventricles and jsut goes from atrium to atrium through this hole

Ductus arterious

(vessel connecting right atrium to the pulmonary artery), this is incase the blood slips from aorta into the ventricle so that blood goes back to circulation instead of lungs

Ductus venousus

(connects umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava) allows for fresh oxygen from palcenta to bypass liver to heart and brain

Sphygmomanometer

ECG trace

Heart muscle/thin cardiac muscle

Myocardial infraction

Vein vs Artery

Capilalries (3 main types)

Continous: cells packed with/ tiny cracks (only allows small molecules like water & ions through)

Fenestrated: tiny pores to allow bigger molcules to pass found in kidney & small intestine for absorbtion

Sinusoidal: massive large cells that allow for whole cells & proteins to pass (liver, bone marrow & spleen)

atherscerosis

lymph node

• capsule

• deep cortex

• medulla

• efferent afferetn vessles

• germinal center

Where are T cells created?

in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus

• Stored in paracortex

Where are B cells created?

created and mature in bone marrow

• Stored in germinal centers/ cortex of lymph node

Flow of lymph in lymph node

1. Afferent lymphatic vessels

2. subscapular sinus

3. trabecular (cortical) sinuses

4. medullary sinuses

5. efferent lymphatic vessel

Lymph node

Sinuses

Pharynx

Nasal vestibule

Hard palate vs soft palate

Nasal conchae

Larynx

Vestibular folds/vocal folds/glottis

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Seondary and tertiary bronchi plus bronchioles

What bronchi seerates into lobes?

The secondary bronchi, they seperate giving the air to the 2 lobes on the left and the 3 lobes on the right

Alveoli sacs, individual alveolus and capillaries

steps in involuntary reflex

• once bolud reaches pharynx ts inovulntary

• soft palate rises to close nasal cavity

• Larynx (voice box) moves up & forward

• Epiglottis folds over larynx to prevent food from going into trachea

• Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes letting food into esophagus

How does a wet spirometer measure each of the volumes?

• CANNOT measure total lung capacity bc we cant egt the unmeasurable residual volume

• Inspiratory reserve volume: bell drops lower than normal breathing

• Expiratory reserve volume: bell goes higher than normal breathing

What does a wet spriometer help diagnose?

Restrictive and obstructive lung disease

• Asthma

• COPD

• Cystic fiboriss

• Pulmonary fibrosis (restrictive)

• Scoloiosis (restrictive)

phenolphthalein

• measures acidity

• pink when basic, colorless with onyl CO2 exposure NO O2

Peak flow meter

Measures how fast you can push air out of your lungs can predict asthma attacks before they happen

Oximeter

finger thing that measure how much of your blood is carrying oxygen

• Hypoxemia or COPD can be diagnosed

Trachea histology tissue types

• Mucosa: pseudostartfiied columnar epithelium, loose conenctive laminia propia tissue

• Submucosa: Connective tissue

• Hyaline cartilage: cartilage plus smooth muscle

• Adventitia: areolar connective tissue

Terminal bronchiole

Alveolus

Alveolar sac

Smokers lung notice how you can hardly norice difference between alveolus & terminla bronchiole bc vronchiole lack thickening around them and too wide

“Lub” sound

Atria valves closing (tricuspid & mitral)

"dub” sound

saortic and pulmonic valves closing

What valves open at the same time?

Aortic, pulmonary, mitral & tricuspid valves

The heart has its own personal blood supply, what supplies it?

coronary arteries and veins

Humans have an inferior vena cava while sheep have:

a posterior vena cava

Heart wall from outer to deepest

• Pericardium: outer

• Myocardium: middle

• Endocardium: deepest (areolar tissue)

Nodal cells

specialized cardiac muscle cells that produce and conduct electrical currents to myocardium for beats

SA controls the atria, what does the AV node do?

AV node delays electrical signals so atria can fully contract and empty into ventricles

What do the bundle of HIS and purjinke fibers do?

just make sure the ventricles act right

Spleen

largest lymphatic organ in the body

red pulp of spleen

Blood filters here

• phagocytes remove abnoraml RBCs and other antigens from blood

• lymphocytes becomes acustomed ot the blood anitgens and makes antibodies

White pulp of spleen

Contains lymphocyte nuclei (stains purple)

Glottis is the full structure? epiglottis is the smile like fold on bottom. vocal fold= split in middle

Pulmonary Ventilation

breathing, moving air in & out of lungs

External Respiration

exchange of gases between gas and blood

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gases between lung and tissues

spirogram

Peak flow meter levels of danger

400=normal good PEF= 80%