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intergeral proteins
a protein imbedded into membrane structure
peripheral proteins
bound to the surface of the membrane, polar
Gylcoprotiens
which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains
globular proteins
spherical, water-soluble proteins.
Viral receptors on the cell surface:
Can bind directly to icosahedral virus capsid proteins
Interact with glycoproteins of enveloped viruses
Can be carbohydrate or protein molecules
Have cellular functions
alpha helix
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
isotonic
Having the same solute concentration as another solution.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
channel transport proteins
Form channels with central pores
Allow specific molecules to pass
Each channel specific for a certain molecule
carrier proteins
bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
Aquaporins
water channel proteins
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Uniporter
A carrier protein that transports a single molecule across the plasma membrane.
symporter
transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction
antiporter
A carrier protein that transports two molecules acrss the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
electrical chemical gradient
gradient of ions across a membrane
electrogenic pump
a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
secondary active transport
Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.
bulk transport
The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
increasing rate of diffusion
Na
sodium-potassium pump
Na-> in
K+->out
Metabolism
transform matter and energy
metabolic pathways are
cellular respiration
catabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
potential energy
stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
kentic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
free energy
energy that is available to do work
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Anabolic
A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness.
ATP
energy
Enzymes
lower activation energy
inhibition
negative
activation
positive
alosteric site
This area is located on the enzyme where drugs attach to.
competitive inhibition
substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site
noncompetitive inhibitor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
feedback inhibition
A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis inputs
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
glycolysis output
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
isomerases
Transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms
aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
pyruvate oxidation
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.
citric acid cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
Oxaloacetate
A four-carbon molecule that binds with the two-carbon acetyl unit of acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle.
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
anaerobic metabolism
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid.
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
alcohol fermentation equation
pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD⁺
final electron acceptor of ETC
Oxygen
final electron acceptor of lactic acid
pyruvate is last electron acceptor
Warburg effect
cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation
nerve synapse
gap between nerve cells
ATP synthase
Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.
lumen
where photosynthesis happens
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
light reactions
The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
thylakoid membrane
membrane in a chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur
Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
inner thylakoid space
where H+ ions build up during photosynthesis
Grana
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
grana (granum)
splits water
produces ATP
Forms NADH
releases oxegyen
Calvin Cylce
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
calvin cylce carbon fixation
catalyzes reaction of CO2 and RuBP into 2 molecules
Calvin cylce: reduction
ATP and NADH are used to convert the 2 molecules of 3-PGA into 2 molecules of PGA, these gain electrons. Overall, 5G3P are regulated into Ru BP
Calvin cylce: regeneration
5-G3P molecules remain in the cycle and are used prepare for more CO2 to be fixed
During fixation
9 ATP are converted to ADP (6 during fixation and 3 during regeneration
during reduction
6 NADPH are converted to NAD+
