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These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on the microscopic examination of urine, including various tests and their significance, the examination techniques, and the characteristics of different urine constituents.
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What is the significance of color in urine examination?
Color can indicate the presence of blood and help to differentiate between hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria.
What is the recommended specimen volume for urinalysis?
10 to 15 mL is an adequate volume to obtain a representative sample.
What is the preferred centrifugation speed for urine sediment preparation?
5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 400.
What is the minimum amount of sediment that should remain in the tube after decantation?
0.5 to 1.0 mL of sediment.
What effect does hypotonic urine have on neutrophils?
Neutrophils absorb water and swell, producing a sparkling appearance known as 'glitter cells'.
What are the predominant white blood cells found in urine sediment?
Neutrophils are predominant in urine sediment.
What are renal tubular epithelial cells indicative of?
They are indicative of necrosis of the renal tubules.
What type of cells line the entire urethra in females?
Squamous epithelial cells.
What appearance do RBCs have when present in urine?
Smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks.
What are the conditions under which bacteria may be considered significant for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Bacteria should be accompanied by white blood cells (WBCs) to be significant for a UTI.
What is the appearance of hyaline casts?
Hyaline casts are translucent and consist almost entirely of uromodulin.
What is the primary function of mucus in urine sediment?
Mucus acts as a protective substance produced by the glands and epithelial cells of the lower genitourinary tract.
What crystals are associated with inherited cystinuria?
Cystine crystals are associated with inherited cystinuria.
What characterizes triple phosphate crystals?
They are colorless and have a characteristic 'coffin lid' appearance.
What is the appearance of tyrosine crystals?
Tyrosine crystals are colorless-yellow and appear as needles.
What should be taken into consideration when identifying urine artifacts?
Artifacts may resemble true sediment constituents and are often highly refractile.
What stains or signs indicate the presence of cholesterol crystals in urine?
Cholesterol crystals appear as notched plates.